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1、第五章 各种从句5.1句子成分句子主要有以下几种成分：1） 主语（subject） 是一句话的中心，整句话都在谈它的情况： my sister is a nurse. Her room is on the 5th floor.2） 谓语（predict） 是主语的主要情况，可以表示动作，也可以表示状态： she works in a hotel.(动作) she knows a little English.（状态）3） 宾语（object） 表示动作的承受者，也可以表示动作的结果：Everybody likes her. She is writing a letter now.4） 表语（p
2、redicative）和系动词一道构成谓语：she is conscientious girl.她是一个工作认真的女孩。5） 定语（attributive）修饰名词，代词等：Her hospital is not very big. But everyone in the hospital works hard.6） 状语（adverbial） 修饰动词，形容词或者副词：She goes to work very early. She feels very happy此外还有同位语（appositive）插入语（parenthesis）以及呼语（vocative）This is my sist
3、er Mary.Mary is good girl, they saySit down, Mary句子的类型1） 按照说话的目的分为四类：A 陈述句（statement）: 陈述一个事实，表示一个看法等：Beijing is the capital of ChinaShe may be right.B 问句（question）: 提出问题：Where are you from?C 祈使句（imperative）提出命令请求等。Dont be late again.Take a seat, please.D 感叹句（exclamation）表示赞美 惊异等情绪：What a nice view
4、from the window!2）从结构上来区分又可以分为三类：a简单句如果一个句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只用单词或短语表示,它就是简单句。I live in the country.The teachers and students cheered at the news.简单句主要由五种基本句型构成，千千万万的句子变化可以看作是这五种基本句型的扩展、省略、组合和倒装。基本句型一：主语+谓语（不及物）The baby smiled.基本句型二：主语+（系）+表语。The students are on the playground.基本句型三：主语+谓语（及物）+宾语。I w
5、ill help them.基本句型四：主语+谓语（及物）+间接宾语+直接宾语。He gave me a beautiful card.= He gave a beautiful card to me基本句型五：主语+谓语（及物）+宾语+宾补。We should paint the wall white.He made himself understood by using signatureI heard sb knockingI heard sb knock three times We found him a flat.We found him a good friend.We made
6、 li Yang a monitorb并列句把两个或两个以上互不依从的、由主谓结构组成的简单句连接起来，就构成一个并列句。Your composition is well written, but there is room for improvement.We must make greater efforts, or we will fall behind.He rarely stays in hotels, for he cant afford it.c复合句复合句包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构。其中一个主谓结构是全句的主体，表达一个主要思想，称作主句；另一个或几个主谓结构作为主句里的一个
7、成分，表达一个或几个次要思想，称作从句。从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。其中，在复合句中起名词性作用的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。试分析下句When my mom explained my handicap, she told me I could accomplish anything I wanted to if I worked three times as hard as other people.5.3.1 主语从句1. 基本用法从句通常由以下关联词引导。从属连词（只起连接作用，在从句中不做
8、成分）that, whether, if.连接副词（除起连接作用外，并在从句中做状语）：how, when, where, why。Whether it is true remains a question.What you are doing is very difficult.How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.Whoever says that is wrong.主语从句在句中做主语，它的位置一般在句首；但主语从句较长时，为了使句子前后平衡，常把主语从句移到句子后面，而用it做形式主语，但what, whatever, whoev
9、er引导的主语从句除外。常见的使用it做形式主语的句型有以下四种。（1）It+be+表语（形容词）+that 从句。常见的形容词有：important, certain, clear, possible, strange, true等。It is obvious that money can not buy everything.It is necessary that the problem (should) be settled in some other way.（2）It+be+名词词组+that从句。常用的名词词组有：a pity, a shame, a fact, an honou
10、r, good news等。Its a pity that we cant go.It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.（3）It+be+过去分词+that 从句。常用的过去分词有：said, reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided等。It is said that hes got married.It has not been decided when the meeting is to be held.（4）It+seem(s)/ h
11、appen(s)+that从句。It happened that I wasnt there that day.It seems that no one has any objection to the idea.2. 考试重点由连接词that, whether引导的主语从句。连词that, whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不做成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句多用it做形式主语。 was unimportant.A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or notB. No matter how he enjoyed our dinn
12、erC. If he enjoyed our dinnerD. What he enjoyed our dinner.aThat the earth is round is true. (It is true that the earth is round.)由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句。它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it 引导。 was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.A. WhatB. That C. WhichD. Asa
13、Who let out the news remained unknown.When well start is not clear.以关系代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句。What有时可以用来表示the thing which的意思，引导从句时，它表示一样东西或一件事情。Who, whom, which, what可以和-ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，-ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。 I saw was two men crossing the street.A. Wha
14、tB. WhomC. WhoD. ThatA was not the way the event happened.A. Which the press reportedB. That the press reportedC. What did the press reportD. What the press reportedDIt is vital that enough money collected to get the project started.A. isB. beC. must beD. can beB此题测试的是虚拟语气的用法。形容词vital后面的连接主语从句的时候用虚拟语气should动词原形。No matter whatever happens, were determined to do our best and make the experiment a success. A B C DA句型It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent)+that+主语+should（可省略）+动词原形。Its
