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1、英文文献Die history1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good
2、 quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。 Have already become an importan
3、t means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so
4、 die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 ( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 ) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as
5、 the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy.
6、 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry
7、directory. 经国务院批准，从 1997 年到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。 All these have fully dem
8、onstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年产值约为 600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and oth
9、er industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近 90 的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过 60 。 According to statistics, home appliances, t
10、oys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain
11、 type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 从产值看， 80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。 From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has
12、 exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 据国际生产技术协会预测，到 2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成， 50 以上的金属板材、 80 以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough
13、75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.模具的历史发展 2 The historical developme
14、nt of mold模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。 The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.19 世纪，随着军火工业 ( 枪炮的弹壳 ) 、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。 The 19th century, with th
15、e arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras,
16、 watches and other parts the best way. 从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germa
