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1、动词不定式主动形式被动意义 用主动形式的句子表示被动意义，并不是要用被动形式。不定式作表语，被动意义，可以用主动表示，这种用法是一些习惯用法，实际上也可以用 被动形式作表语：The house is to fet.该房子出租。She is to blame.她应该受到责备。Little remains to do.没有什么可做的了。A great deal is yet to do.竟然还有许多事要做。The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。Something is still to find out.有些东西还有待查明。 with / without +
2、宾语+不定式to do结构，不定式可以看成是宾语的定语，表示即将进 行的动作，如果不定式的动作是句子的主语执行，用主动式；不知道动作谁执行，用被动式。With much money to spend, the boy was spoiled.那男孩花钱如流水，惯坏了。Without anything to do the whole day, he felt rather dul I 他整天无所事事，非常无聊。I cant go sightseeing with all these things to attend to 我有这么多的事要干，观光不成。 With all the world to
3、 rule, he would not be content.即便是能够统治全世界，他也不会满足。 With so much work to be done, the plan may be unrealistic.有这么多事要做，这项计划可能不 切合实际。 It is adjective to do something / somebody. = Something / Somebody is adjective to do. =To do something / somebody is adjective.Mary is easyto teach. = It i s easyto teac
4、h Mary.句中的teach是及物动词，逻辑宾语是Mary。不定式结构的逻辑主语可以用for + somebody 引出。这种用法的形容词是用来说明不定式动作发生后所产生的效果或感受。不定式结构的 动作一般都是还未发生的情形。It is easy for youto teachMary. =To teach Mary is easy for you.=For youto teach Mary is easy.= Mary is an easy pupil (for you)to teach.此类形容词有：amusing、awful、cheap、convenient、dangerous、dif
5、ficult、easy、expensive、 extraordinary、 funny、 hard、 horrible、 important、 impossible、 improper、 inconvenient、 interesting、 nasty、 nice、 pleasant、 simple、 splendid、 strange、 unimportant、 useful 等，此类形容词说 明进行不定式动作时会有怎么样的效果、作用或问题。This car is expensiveto overhaul.这辆车大修起来很贵的。Frogs legs are niceto eat.蛙腿很好吃。
6、Dirty water is nastyto drink.脏水喝起来有毒。That question is difficultto answer.那个问题很难回答。Biographies are often interesting。read.传记经常读起来很有趣。A tractor is usefulto have on a farm.农场上有台拖拉机是很有用的。如果不定式结构是不及物的动词，则必须在其后加上结构或含义所需的介词。Mary is pleasantto talk to.跟玛丽谈话很舒服。The river is dangerousto bathe in.在该河水里洗澡很危险。A
7、spring mattress iscomfortableto sleep on.弹簧床睡起来很舒服。 Good conversation is interesting to listen to.优质会话听起来很有趣。 New countries are often excitingto go to.新兴国家去那儿令人兴奋。 说明事物的某一特征、特点、特性、性质的形容词，只能使用这种结构的句子中:Something is adj. + to do.其中不定式结构跟句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，如果不及物的动词不定式, 还必须在其后补上结构或含义所需的介词。The coffee is bitte
8、rto taste.咖啡喝起来很苦。但我们不能这样说：To taste coffee is bitter或 It is bitter to taste coffee.This map is very clear to read.这地图看起来很明朗。These oranges are very tastyto eat.这些橙子很好吃。The grass is very smoothto walk on.这草踩上去很软。Theyre both very attractiveto look at.它们两个都很迷人。A： Arent the birds cheerful? Just listen to
9、 them那些鸟不快活吗？你请听听它们。B： Yes, they are verycheerfulto listen to.是的，它们听起来非常快活。在一定的上下文中以及在与某些形容词搭配时，上述这种用法的不定式结构往往含有否定意 义。The rivers are narrowto sail up.这些河道太窄无法行船。The furniture will be heavyto move.家具重了，搬不动。The forest was thickto walk through.森林很密，走不过去。This old dress is rather oddto wear in London.这套旧
10、裙子古里古怪的，不宜在伦敦穿。Until they put up the traffic lights, the main road was verybusyto cross.主道上车辆繁忙，通不过; 直到他们举起了交通灯才得以过了马路。但这种否定意义不如too-to结构否定的直截了当。试比较：The rivers arenarrowto sail up.= The rivers are narrow, so itshard for ships to sail up.The rivers aretoo narrowto sail up.= The rivers are so narrow th
11、at ships cannot sail up.这种否定意义跟形容词的词汇意义有密切的联系。试比较：The furniture will beheavyto move.= The furniture is very heavy, so it is difficult to move.The furniture will be lightto move.家具轻，移动起来容易。= The furniture is very light, so it is easy to move.也能用for + something / somebody结构指出不定式结构的逻辑主语。The rivers aren
12、arrow for big shipsto sail up.The furniture will beheavy for the girlsto move. “主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾补+ to do ”，不定式作定语，跟宾语有动宾关 系，to do这个动作是句子的主语来执行，有时可能不是句子主语执行，用主动形式to do。 实际上，宾语补足语是一些表示执行不定式动作后的宾语所表现出来的特点、效果、作用或 问题的形容词：awkward、cheap、comfortable、convenient、dangerous、difficult、dull、easy、 fit、 funny、 hard
13、、 heavy、 important、 impossible、 interesting、 nice、 pleasant、 safe、 strange、 tough、 tricky、 unpleasant、 wonderful 等。I found the fellow hard to get along with我发现那家伙很难相处。（I 执行 to get along with 动作, 它跟the fellow动宾关系，表现出来的特点是hard。）He made his lessons easy to understand.他的课让人容易理解。（不知道谁执行 to understand 动作，
14、但它跟his lessons是动宾关系，表现出来的特点是easy。）I felt the problem very difficult to solve.我感到这个问题难以解决。（to solve 跟 problem 动宾关 系，这个动作可能是“I”来执行，也可能别人，表现出来的特点是difficulto ） 不定式作定语修饰做表语的名词，不定式跟这个名词是动宾关系，则只能用to do形式， 不能用 to be done 形式。This is an easy question to answer.（不可用 to be answered）It is very important work for
15、 us to do.（不可用 to be done）This is a difficult sentence to understand.（不可用 to be understood）That is a nice place to visit.那是一个很好的参观地点。（不可用to be visited） too-to do something和enough to do something这两个结构中，若句子主语与其后不定 式 to do 为动宾关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（但也可直接用被动式，不 过不定式是 do something +介词结构或不及物动词+介词除外）：The wr
16、iting is too faint to read to be read.这笔迹太模糊，看不清。These boxes are not strong enoughto use to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢，不能用 作站台。His suitcases are too heavy to carry. to be carried 他行李箱重的提不起。Atoms are too small to see. to be seen原子太小看不见。The dictionary is cheapto buy. to be boughtThe room is large enough to have meetings加.这屋子开会
