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1、1. Captain John Smith became the first American writer.2. The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.3. Poor Richard s Almanac is an annual collection of roverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.4. Thomas Paines famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a“Declaration for Independence”.5.
2、 Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John_Adams, Benjaminklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.6. Philip Freneau has been calledthemerican Poetry”.7. In Washington Irvings Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literat
3、ure.8. Cooper s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking tales9. “To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryants wok.Edgar Allan Poe is considered“fatherof_rican detectivestories and American gothic stories”.10. Emerson
4、believed above all in individualism, independence of mind,f-reliance.11. Hawthornes stories touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature.12. Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.13. After his death, Longfellow became the only Amer
5、ican to be honored with a bust in thePoets Corner of Westminster Abbe14. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTomsCabin, had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world.15. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free wi
6、ll, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.16. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life.17. Writers of the first postwar era sel
7、f-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.18. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”Terms1. TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to
8、the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature.NewEnglandTranscendentalism is the product of acombination_of_native_American Puritanism a
9、nd European Romanticism.2. NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity,
10、offering detailed and fullyresearchedinvestigationsintounexploredcorners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreisers Sister Carrie.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who l
11、ived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein herself.More generally,the term_isbeing used for the young adults of Europe and America dur
12、ing World War I. They were lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to moreinto a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression； it believes that we creat
13、e the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism7. PuritanismThe principles and practice
14、s of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of Gods will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to
15、 find whether they were of the electand to search the Bible to determine Gods will.8. Hemingway Heroes / Code HeroSuch a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive andintelligent. Andusually he is a man of action and of a few words.He is such anindividualist, alone even
16、when with other people, somewhat an outsider The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage” It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What are the characteristics of the Colonial Literature?In a real se
