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1、 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language1. The full name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .It is made up of many islands collectively known as the British Isles. Great Britain and Ireland are two main islands of the B
2、ritish Isles.2. The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates in southwestern England -North Sea. 3. Scotland ( Edinburgh ) important river:Clyde River kilts4. Wales( Cardiff ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain-flow through western England.5. Northern Ireland (Belf
3、ast) Lough Neagh-the largest lake in the British Isles.6. Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量) Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 7. London-Buckingham Palace, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Pauls Cathedral, The Tower Bridge of London 8. The
4、 majority people of te population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people9. English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.10. Ger
5、manic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.11. Old English: influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch languages and ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-s
6、peaking Normans. Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary) Modern English(15 century): William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary publis
7、hed in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.12. Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also called “the Queens English or “BBC English. A third of worlds population use English.Cha
8、pter 2 History Roman Period43-410Christianity was brought to BritainRoman Rule1066-1381Magna Carta; Black DeathTransition to Modern Age1455-1688The war of Roses; English RenaissanceRise of Britain Empire1688-1900Industrial Revolution; Colonial ExpansionFall of British Empire1914-1945WWI, WWII, Great
9、 Depression1. Recorded history in Britain began in the year 55BC, when Julius Caesar and his Roman troops invaded the island. In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, ending the Roman occupation.2. CelticSpain and France Anglo-SaxonGermanic Tribes3. It is believed hat the Norman Conquest of England m
10、arked the establishment of feudalism4. Henry II began the rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, also known as the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.5. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the
11、British constitutionalism6. Henry III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约) to limit the Kings power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院). Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parliament.7.
12、The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red rose)winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor.8. In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy ?至尊法案?. In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles IIs army, which marked t
13、he end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.9. In 1688, Glorious Revolution happened. In 1689, parliament passed the Bill of Rights. 10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。11. The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland i
14、n 1583. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the worlds landmass.12. South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.13. The Central Powers: mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, T
15、urkey The Allies: mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy 14. The process of decolonization transformed the British Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations.15. Tony Blair refused to adopt the European currency, the euro.Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth 1. Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. Of all the countries in the world, only Israel and New Zealand are comparable to Britain in having no single constitutional document.2. The British Constitution is made up of Statutory law 成文法,制定法the most important passed by parliamentCommon law 判例法，普通
