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1、英语语法范畴的形成对语序和附加语位置的影响 -兼论“语用-语义-语法-语序”链提要 本文秉承“语用-语义-语法-语序”相互依存的理论观点,以英语语法范畴的演变为材料,简要阐述了英语语法系统,特别是情态动词、do和have的助动词化对英语SVO语序的影响。这三类语法范畴是受到主语表达主观性、强施事性和对事件控制的语用需要的驱动而发生语义演变和语法化的,它们反过来固定了主语的位置,强化了SVO语序。历时演化过程中形成的三种句法分区:小句前区、助动区和事件内区对附加语的句法位置产生了一定的影响作用。关键词 语用-语义-语法-语序 情态动词 do have 助动词化 SVO语序 附加语1引言本文将从历
2、时发展的角度探讨英语基本的语法范畴形成及其对SVO语序和附加语位置的影响作用。首先需要明确,在现代英语中有哪些语法范畴,它们的句法位置怎样?Van Valin&Lapolla (20021997: 49)对世界语言中的语法范畴和句法位置的对应做了如图1所示的勾画 本文引用时有改动,删除了一些与本文主旨不相关的部分,更加突出句法层级和各种语法范畴的直接对应关系。图中涉及的术语简要说明如下:该图把句法结构从大到小分成三个层级:句子(sentence)、核心(core)和内核(nucleus),句子层的左边是LDP,即左偏置位(left-detached position),内嵌小句(clause)
3、,后边是右偏置位RDP(right detached position);小句层的左边是左中心位(Precore slot),中间是核心(core)层,右边是右中心位(postcore slot);核心层包括左边的两个论元AGR(argument)和右边的内核(nucleus),内核就是动词谓语中心。右下角表示不同的语法范畴对应不用的句法层,并在各自的句法层中发挥作用。 古英语只有两种时态(Quirk, R. 1958),分别用不同的曲折语缀表示,will和shall语法化为将来时助词是中古英语和现代英语中发生的。 至于为什么情态动词后面的动词不同to标记,连Lightfoot(2010:10
4、9)也承认这是一个难解之谜,他引用Visser,认为to开始为表示方向义的介词,大约在16世纪后演变为不定式的标记。参考文献Bybee, J. et al. (1994) The Evolution of Grammar. The University of Chicago Press.Ersnt, T. (2002) Syntax of Adjuncts. Cambridge University Press.Fischer, O. (2007) Morphosynatctic Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Heine, B.( 1993)
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12、要求及其作用,中国人民大学报刊复印资料语言文字学, (12)。 The Influence of the Formation of the English Grammatical Categories on the Word Order Change and the Positions of Adjuncts-An Exploration of the Link of Pragmatic Motivated-Semantic Bleaching-Grammaticalization-Word Order ChangeAbstract: This article, within the fram
13、ework of the chain of pragmatic motivated-semantic bleaching-grammaticalization-word order change, traces the process of auxilirization of modals, DO and HAVE, and points out the impact on the shaping of English SVO word order. The three grammatical categories, motivated by the pragmatic forces of e
14、xpressing the subjectivity, high agentivity and event control, come to have their semantics bleached, and step on the path of grammaticalization. They have fixed the positions of the subjects and make the SVO word order more canonical. Three syntactic zones take shape during the diachronic change: c
15、lausal-initial zone, AuxRange zone and event-internal zone and each has their impacts on the syntactic position of the adjuncts.Key Words: pragmatic motivated-semantic bleaching-grammaticalization-word order change; modals; do; have; auxilirization; SVO order; adjuncts: sentence (LDP) clause (prcs) core (pocs) (RDP) (ARG) Nucleus