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1、. . . . 多水源灌区节水农业技术研究摘 要目前水资源利用中存在的主要问题是：一是重视水利工程建设，轻视农业水资源管理。一些先进的农业节水技术和现代化的管理措施得不到大面积推广，大部分灌区灌溉水利用率低、灌水定额偏大，造成水资源的大量浪费；二是对农业生态环境重视不够。井灌区出现大面积的地下水位下降漏斗区，全国已经出现了56个地下水区域性下降漏斗，总面积大于8.2万km2。三是灌溉工程老化不配套，灌溉面积下降。针对目前农业生产与农业水资源利用中存在的主要问题，本课题选取了典型的井渠结合灌溉灌区，就晋中市井渠结合灌区普遍存在的水资源利用不合理、水环境恶化、节水措施单一、节水效果得不到充分发挥、
2、灌溉效益不高等一系列问题进行技术研究和探索，将对农业生产的进步、经济的可持续发展和水资源的可持续利用发挥重要作用，同时对类似地区也有重要的指导意义。本论文的主要研究容如下： (1) 主要作物节水抗旱品种的筛选针对项目区的主导作物玉米和冬小麦，通过文献调研、小区试验、产量调查，对不同品种的产量、水分利用率进行分析，筛选适合于本项目区的冬小麦、玉米抗旱品种；(2) 主要作物水肥耦合关系与合理灌溉制度研究以节水增产、增效为目标，进行坑测水肥生产函数试验与模型研究；在此基础上，制定主要作物的合理灌溉制度；(3) 作物种植模式研究通过小区试验，比选主要作物的复播、间作、套种农作制度与种植模式；(4)选择
3、适合晋中市井渠结合灌溉类型区的多种节水技术，以节水高效为目标进行技术集成组合，对所选定的典型组合进行田间示，对产量、投入、效益等进行测试。提出各种技术集成组合形式的投入产出效益关系。通过本项目的实施所形成的节水农业综合技术集成体系与其一系列关键技术和成果，将对晋中市井渠结合地区解决水资源高效利用和农业节水增产问题起到一定指导性作用。关键词：节水农业，干旱地区，井渠，晋中市 RESEARCH ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF SAVING WATER AGRICULTURE IN IRRIGATIVE AREA OF MANY WATER SOURCEABSTRACTAt present
4、 there are three primary problems in water resource using: first, we only regard construct on water conservancy , but despise manage on agricultural water resource. Some advanced agricultural saving water technology and modern managing measure can not be extended in large area, in the great mass of
5、irrigative area irrigative water using efficiency is low, irrigative ration is large, so water resource is heavy wasted; second, we less regard on agricultural entironment. Some the area of well and irrigation appear water table falling, and form filler area, in our country there are 56 filler areas
6、, the total area excess 8.2 ten thousand km2. third, irrigated projects is old and is not layout, irrigated areas drop.Aimed at problems of above mention this paper selects typical irrigated areas and progresses technical research and explore for those problems in Jinzhong city, for example water sa
7、ving is irrational, water environment deteriorate, saving water steps are singleness, saving water effect can not fully exert, irrigated benefit is low-rise. This will exert important effect for advancement of agricultural production, economic continuable development and water resource continuable u
8、sing, at one time there is directive meaning in similar areas.This paper main content are following:(1) the filtering on fighting a drought breeds of crop The main crops are corn and wheat in item area, through literature research, examination in area and output research put up analysis for output o
9、f differ breed and water using rate, at last some fighting a drought breeds of crop and wheat are filtered. (2)the water-fertilizer coupling relation of main crop and study on rationalization irrigated systemWater-fertilizer creative function and model are studied with the aim of saving water and in
10、creasing production; on the based we establish rational irrigated system.(3)the study on crop planting mode Through experiment we vote in repeatedly seeding, intercrop and growth mode.(4)electing manifold saving water technology suiting the area of well and trench in Jinzhong city process technical
11、compositive combination, in typical combination adopt demonstration in the field, and testing for output, devotion, benefit and so on. Advancing the relation between devotion and benefit using manifold technical compositive combination.This item area is typical and representative in Jinzhong city, t
12、hrough technical compositive combination and some pivotal technology will have stated directive action for water resource high using rate and agricultural saving water and increasing production.KEY WORDS: saving water agriculture, drought area, well and trench, Jinzhong city / 目 录摘要I目录V第一章绪论11.1选题的背
13、景与意义11.1.1我国水资源现状11.1.2我国农业用水现状21.1.3农业水资源利用中存在的主要问题21.2国外节水灌溉技术的发展概述31.2.1国外节水灌溉技术发展概述31.2.2国节水灌溉发展概述31.3本文的研究容、技术路线与研究方法51.3.1项目研究区的确定51.3.2研究容51.3.3技术路线51.3.4研究方法6第二章项目区基本情况72.1自然概况72.1.1 地形地貌72.1.2 自然资源72.2水利工程概况82.2.1渠灌工程概况82.2.2井灌工程概况92.2.3排水工程概况92.2.4节水工程概况92.2.5灌溉用水概况102.3 农业生产与社会经济概况102.3.1
14、 农业生产概况102.3.2 社会经济概况112.4水资源可持续利用与节水增产方略概况122.4.1 水资源可持续利用概况122.4.2节水农业技术发展方向与对策概况132.4.3提高粮食产量途径概况15第三章项目区节水农业试验研究173.1节水抗旱作物新品种的筛选173.2作物水肥耦合关系与合理灌溉制度研究183.2.1冬小麦农田水量平衡与消耗规律分析183.2.2冬小麦水分生产函数研究253.2.3冬小麦水肥耦合关系分析303.2.4灌溉水资源优化配置中几个基本问题的探讨343.2.5作物非充分灌溉制度优化的模拟模型383.2.6示区主要作物节水灌溉制度413.3 作物高效用水集成模式研究
15、423.3.1冬小麦玉米组合种植管灌高效用水模式423.3.2大棚蔬菜滴灌高效用水模式433.3.3大田作物管灌高效用水模式443.3.4大田蔬菜覆盖微喷高效用水技术45第四章井渠结合节水农业技术体系与其评价体系474.1现代节水农业技术的涵与目标474.2井渠结合的节水农业技术体系474.3节水农业技术评价体系研究494.3.1节水农业技术效益评价指标494.3.2节水农业技术评价指标体系514.3.3节水农业技术评价结果与分析52第五章结论55参考文献57致59攻读硕士期间发表的主要论文60第一章 绪论1.1选题的背景与意义水资源问题是全世界普遍关注的问题，它不仅影响、制约现代社会的可持续发展，而且将成为本世纪全球资源环境的首要问题。随着世界人口的增长和经济的发展，水资源将严重不足。全世界26个国家约2.32亿人口已经面临缺水，另有4亿人口用水速度超过水资源的更新速度，世界上约有1/5人口得不到符合卫生标准的淡水1-3。占世界人口40%的80多个国家，其淡水供应短缺已成为限制其经济社会发展的重要因素，预计在2030年淡水拥有量不足的人口数将达到15亿4-5。从古至今，人类的各项活动都离不开水，水作为一种不可替代的自然资源，为
