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1、.Unit1The Human complex A Never failing Source of Wonderment In my view, wrote Thomas Jefferson in 1814 , no knowledge can be more satisfactory to a man that of his own frame, its parts, their functions and actions. Distinguished thinkers before and since Jefferson have held this belief, but curious
2、ly, it is not one that the average person wholeheartedly shares.Mans attitude toward his own bodyhis single most precious possessionis decidedly ambivalent. At one and the same time he is fascinated by it and fearful of it, partly in echo of ancient taboos, partly in the conviction that the body is
3、too complicated to understand. 在我看来,托马斯杰佛逊于1814年写道：对人来说,没有什么知识会比了解自身的架构、部件、以及他们的功能和运动更能使他满足。在杰佛逊前后的杰出思想家均持有这个观点,但激发人好奇心的是,这个观点并不为普罗大众所由衷地接受。人们对自己的身体这个对他自身来说最为宝贵的财富的态度其实是充满矛盾的。一方面,人们对身体感到非常着迷,另一方面,却又对其深感敬畏,这在一定程度上是受古代禁忌的影响,也在一定程度上反映了人们确信肉体过于复杂而难以理解。 The possible approaches to a study of the body are
4、legion.To the cynic, the body is no more than a tenement of clay; to the poet, a palace of the soul; to the physician, an all-too-ailing hulk. The psychiatrist sees it as a housing for the mind and personality. The geneticist sees it as a perpetuator of its own kind.The biologist sees it as an organ
5、ism which can alter the future as a result of the experience of the past. 研究人体的方法可谓纷繁多样。对愤世嫉俗者来说,人体贱如粘土陋室；对吟诗作赋者来说,人体尊如灵魂的宫殿；对内科医生来说,人体是脆弱多病的躯壳。精神病学家视其为理智和个性的居所。遗传学家当其为自我繁衍的机器。生物学家视其为能借过往的经验来改变未来的生命体。All the specialized scientific views of the body are valid. All, however, must start from the same p
6、remise: an awareness of the bodys basic structure and functionsits anatomy and physiology. And the bedrock principle of our present understanding of the body is that all living matter is composed of cells basically similar in structure and function. 所有有关人体的专业科学的观点都是有依据的,然而,所有的这些都必须有同一个前提：那就是对研究人体的基本
7、结构和功能的解剖学和生理学的认识。我们对身体的了解的基本原则是,所有生物都是由结构和功能基本相似的细胞构成的。A Swarm of Tiny Specialists Studies of the cellwhat it is , what it does and how it reproduces itself have revealed it to be a fantastically complex world in itself. One of the major wonders of the cell is the disparity between its minuteness an
8、d the prodigiousness of its activity. Each cell is so tiny that millions of them may be found in a half-inch cube of human body tissue. Yet each comprises an almost unimaginably busy chemical laboratory with a highly ordered division of labor. 关于细胞的研究细胞是什么,它是干什么的和如何复制的已经表明细胞本身就是一个令人难以置信的复杂世界。细胞的一大精妙
9、之处在于其体积之微细与其活性之大之间的反差。每个细胞是如此渺小,以至于在一个半英寸立方体大小的人体组织中可能发现数以万计的细胞。然而,每个细胞都堪比一个繁忙到难以想象的并有着高度的分工的化学实验室。 The cell has two main parts: a nucleus, containing the genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid , and a surrounding semifluid cytoplasm. Bounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane, which keeps the cell
10、 contents in and undesirable material out, yet permits passage of both proper nutrients and wastes. The nucleuscell headquartersgoverns the major activities of the cytoplasm; its finest hour, however, comes at reproduction time, when chromosomes containing DNA split. It is in the cytoplasm, that the
11、 cells day to day business is carried on. Each of its various components, or organelles, is a specialist of surpassing skill. One type breaks down the food given entry by the cell membrane and converts it into energy .Another provides the site for the synthesis of proteinalong with reproduction, a m
12、ajor function of most cells. Another packages the manufactured protein for transport wherever needed in the body. 细胞有两个主要部分：含有遗传物质脱氧核糖核酸DNA的细胞核,以及周围呈半流质的细胞质。包围着细胞质的是细胞膜,它包含着细胞内容物,并将不需要的物质隔离在外,然而它允许营养物质和代谢废物通过。细胞核细胞的控制中心调控细胞质的主要活动；然而,它最美妙的时刻是当细胞分裂时,包含DNA的染色体分裂繁殖。细胞日复一日的工作是在细胞质中完成的。各种组件或细胞器,都是一个个卓越的技术
13、专家。其中一个功能是分解从细胞膜进入细胞的营养物质,并将其转化成能量。另一个功能是提供蛋白质合成的场所伴随着细胞复制的全过程,这是大多数细胞的主要功能。再一个功能是加工包装制造的蛋白质 ,并将其运输到身体所需的各个部位。 To operate efficiently, the cell thus requires specific help from the body as a whole: food to provide raw material for the release of energy, oxygen to help break down the food, water to t
14、ransport inorganic substances like calcium and sodium.Once its needs are satisfied, the cell itself provides the intricate mechanism for maintaining the balance essential to keep it in kilterin short, to keep the body alive and healthy. 为了工作的高效运行,细胞需要得到身体的特定的帮助,总的来说：食物提供可释放能量的原材料,氧气帮助分解食物,水用于运输无机物,比
15、如钙、钠。一旦这些需要得到满足,细胞自身就会通过错综复杂的机制,来保持正常运作所必须的平衡确使身体处于正常状态简而言之,就是保持身体的活力和健康。 Cells share certain common characteristics, but most of the bodys cells develop specialized features and abilities. The cells that form bone collect calcium salts; these cells are locked together in solid chunks, immobile. By
16、contrast, the white cells of the blood, which fight off invading bacteria, roam freely about the body.Other cells make special chemicals for the bodys usethe hormones produced in the endocrine glands, or the digestive enzymes poured into the intestine from the pancreas. Still other cells form the incredibly thin membranes in the lung or kidney that permit the filtering or exchange of dissolved body fuels and
