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1、 Unit1Part 11. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type. 3. An issue simply raises a question.4. The part of an argument that provides a reaso
2、n for accepting the other part is called the premise. 5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.Part 21. The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports or demonstrates. 2. The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily th
3、an positive evidence is called a negativity bias. 3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim. 4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.Part 31. “President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history
4、” is an objective claim. (F)2. Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people think it is true or false. (F)3. Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F) 4. Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make mistakes in reasoning. (F)Part 4
5、1. Educated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics2. Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical thinking. 3. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (C, D)A. To make vise decisions B. To come to correct conclusions C.
6、To make hasty generalization D. To develop adversary thinking 4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to. (D) A. self-serving bias B. negativity bias C. confirmation bias D. belief bias5
7、. This bias is present when most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)A. Better-than-average illusion B. Fundamental attribution error C. Belief bias D. Bandwagon effect6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name y
8、ou see the most often is probably the most popular candidate? (B)A. Obedience to authority B. Availability heuristic C. Majority rules D. Bandwagon effectPart 51. An argument consists of, at minimum, _B_. A. a conclusion B. one premise and a conclusion C. two or more premises and conclusion D. a pre
9、mise2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (A, D)A. To come to correct conclusions B. To develop adversary thinking C. To make hasty generalizations D. To make wise decisions3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most
10、of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating? (A)A. Overconfidence effect B. Poor estimation C. Belief bias4. Charles and his colleague Mikes children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his childrens exceptional performance at school is due t
11、o their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mikes children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is ill
12、ustrated in this scenario? (A) A. In-group bias B. Availability heuristic C. Bandwagon effect D. Selection bias 5. A critical thinker tries to _B_. A. overstate conclusions B. evaluate arguments C. understate conclusions D. persuade an audience6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark att
13、acks, you decide not to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C) A. In-group bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Availability heuristicPart 61. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question. A. Negativity Bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Fundamental attri
14、bution error D. Obedience to authority2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of _B_. A. informational theory B. logic and common sense C. statistics, history, and research 3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant B. Strong, invalid, and relevant C. Weak, valid, and relevant D. Strong, valid, and relevant 4._C_ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth. A. Moral absolutism
