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1、2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. T
2、he development of automation in American industry has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.Labors concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is
3、unfruitful. Eventually the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconveni
4、ence and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their m
5、embers in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong
6、 drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the impr
7、ovement factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1.Though the labor worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts
8、that （ ）.2.The idea of the improvement factor (Para. 3) implies roughly（ ）.3.In order to get the full benefits of automation, labor will depend mostly on（ ）.4.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?问题1选项A.automation will eventually prevent unemploymentB.automation will help workers acqui
9、re new skillsC.automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employersD.automation is a trend which cannot be stopped问题2选项A.wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB.the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workersC.supplementary une
10、mployment benefit plans should be promotedD.the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers问题3选项A.shorter working hours and more leisure timeB.the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivityC.additional payment to the
11、 permanently dismissal workersD.strong drive for planning new installations问题4选项A.Advantages and disadvantages of automationB.Labor and the effects of automationC.Unemployment benefits plans and automation.D.Social benefits of automation【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问尽管工人们担心自动化的影响，但他们从不怀疑？根
12、据第二段中“In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful.劳工基本上的观点是抵抗技术变革是徒然的”确定D选项“自动化是一种不能被阻止的趋势”正确。2.推理判断题。题目提问“改善因素”的概念(第3段)粗略地表示？根据第三段中 “Another approach is the idea of the improvement factor, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity.
13、 另一种方法是“改善因素”的想法，它要求在提高生产力的基础上增加工资。”确定B选项“工人应该共享生产增加和成本降低的福利”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问为了获得自动化的全部好处，劳动力将主要依靠？根据最后一段中 “It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. 然而，劳动力有可能主要依靠减少工作时间来充分分享自动化的成果。” 确定A选项“更短的工作时间和更多的休
14、闲吋间”正确。4.主旨大意题。全文主要是讲“自动化的发展对劳工在工作与就业等方而带来的影响”，所以B选项“劳工与自动化的影响”正确。文章并没有对自动化的劣势展开讨论，所以A选项“自动化的优势与劣势”错误，C选项“失业福利计划和自动化”和D选项“自动化的社会效益”只是文中提及的一部分内容，排除。2. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with
15、 them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic a
16、pproach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be mad
