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1、填空判断： linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science studies the rules systems and principles of language. 3 cannons标 准）:exhaustiveness 全面性 consistency致性 economy. linguistics study the origin, growth, organization. Nature and development of language and
2、 discovers the general rules and principles governing language. 2 purposes:studythenature,establishatheoryanddescribelanguagebythattheory; examinesalllanguageandseeksunderstandingwaystofulfilltheneedshumanneed.填空判断选择：Linguistics differ from traditional grammar:linguistics describes languages and doe
3、s not lay down rules of correctness. linguists regard spoken as primary not written. Speech came earlier than writing system. tradi tional grammar based on Latin while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.名词解释Microlinguis ti cs: Phone tics（语音 学），phonology （语音 学），morphology （形态 学），sy
4、n tax（句法学），seman tics（语义学），pragma tics（语用学）.Macrolinguis ti cs: sociolinguis tics （社会语言学），psycholinguis tics （心理语言 学 ），stylistics（ 文 体 学 ），discourse analysis（ 话 语 分 析 ）， computational linguis tics（计算语言学），cogni tive linguis ti cs（认知语言学）全 especially 判断Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols us
5、ed for human communication.Language is a system， arbitrary， vocal. Language is used for human communication. 任意性）：refers tot he fac t that t here is no logical or int rinsic connec tio n be tween a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.Dual ity（二元性）：organization of language into two
6、 levels - a level of sounds which combine into a second level of larger units is called duality. language works on two levels: 1 have no meaning but combine to form unites at another level have meaning.Productivity（创造性）：linguistic abi lity enables to produce and understand sentences.Int erchageabi l
7、ity（可交换性）：man can both produce and receive messages easily. Displacement（移位性）：enable people to talk a thing in other space and time. Specialization：man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication.Cultural transmission（文化传递）language is culturally transmitted. Cannot be tran
8、smitted through heredity.function 交际功能，directive function 指示功能，informative function 信息功能， int erroga tive func tion询问功能，expressive func tion表情功能，evoca tive func tion 召唤功能， performative function 施为功能， recreational function 娱乐功能， met alingual func tion 元语言功能（language can t alk it self）descriptive and
9、prescriptive grammar 描写式&规定式 Descriptivedescribeswhatactuallysay，descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhat is in the language while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.synchronic and diachronic linguistics 共时性和历时性langue and parole 语言和言语LangueParoleAbstract knowledgeconcrete m
10、anifestationSocial conventionalindividualizedCodemessageStable and systematicsubject to personal and situationalcompetence and performance 语言能力和应用Competence refers to the knowledge that native speaker have of their language as asystemofabstractrelations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguistic
11、behavior, that is, the actual use of this knowledge.syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsand formalism功能主义和形式主义voiced and voiceless sound 浊音和清音and oral sounds鼻音和口腔音2oralnasalvoicedb p dm n rjvoicelessp t kbt dFricati vesf ve ds zJ 3hAffricatestj d3Liquidsl rNasalsmnjglideswjFront vowels: /i:/ /1 /
12、/e/ /s / /壬 / /a/The height of the tongueCentral vowels: / 3：/ /g / /a /Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /o :/ /o / /a:/Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /o :/ /o /The shape of the lipUnrounded vowels: /i:/ / / /e/ /s / /壬 / /a/ /3：/ / / /a /a:/斗 Open vowels: /壬/ /a/ /o / /a:/The width of the mouthClose vowels: /i:/ /1
13、 / /u:/ /u/Semi-open vowels: / o :The phrase “an egg” is oftenpronounced /s neg/.Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word“suppose” is often pronounced as /sps o z/, “factory” as /f壬 ktri /.Assimilation: the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable ca
14、n cause changesinsoundsbelongingtoneighboringwordsorsyllablesiscalledassimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible”-”impossible”.Phonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme is the phonological units o
15、f language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which and distinguish meaning.Forexample,sipandzipissignaledbythefactthattheinitialsoundofthefirst wordiss/s/andtheinitialsoundofthesecondwordisz/z/./s/and/z/cantherefore distinguish or contrast words. Such distinctive sounds are called phonemes.pairs and sets最小对立体Minimal pairs are two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the stringMinimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by o
