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1、涉外法律文书简明教程：缩略符 缩略符见译注当一个学生向教授提交书面作业或向律师事务所提交书面资料时，没有什么比错误的使用或不使用缩略符造成的负面印象更严重了。所以，掌握这些简单，却经常轻易混淆的规则很主要。在四种情形下使用或不使用缩略符轻易引发混淆，分别是 1 复数词 2 单数全部格 3 复数全部格和 4 its和its的缩写形式 Contractions，seecrossreferencehereunder 和全部格。是否使用全部格，要先问问自己是否包括领相关系。假如是领相关系，名词或带词就要采取全部格。规则1、:Incorrect:Thelawyerscouldgenerallybefou
2、ndafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesasingularpossessive.)Incorrect:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanoverStreetBarandGrill.(Theapostrophehereincorrectlyindicatesapluralpossessive.)Correct:ThelawyerscouldgenerallybefoundafterhoursattheHanover
3、StreetBarandGrill.(Thelackofanapostropheherecorrectlyindicatesaplural,nonpossessiveterm.)规则2、Insingularpossessiveterms,placetheapostrophebeforethes.:Incorrect:ourschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries.Incorrect:ourschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentari
4、es.Correct:ourschoolscollectionincludedanoriginalsetofBlackstonesCommentaries.规则3、Inpluralpossessiveterms,placetheapostropheafterthes.Thiswillindicatetothereaderthatmorethanonepersonorthingownsthethingpossessed.Incorrect:Thestudentssuccesswaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.Incorrect:
5、Thestudentssuccesswaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.Correct:Thestudentssuccesswaslargelyattributabletotheirhardworkanddedication.规则4、Howtodistinguishitsandits.Itsisthecontractionofitis,asinthesentence,Itsbestnottoquestionthejudgesknowledgeofthelawsofevidenceinopencourt.Informalwriti
6、ng,however,thebetterformulationofthesentenceabovewouldbe:Itisbestnottoquestionthejudgesknowledgeofthelawsofevidenceinopencourt.Itsisapossessive,asinthesentence,Thetrucklostitsmufflerasitenteredthepothole-ladenkennedyExpressway.Thisistherarecaseinwhichapossessivetermdoesnottakeanapostrophe.规则5、Aless-
7、oftenface,placeanapostrophebeforeans:Incorrect:BillsandMaryscarwasalemon,leadingthemtoseekrescissionoftheircontractunderthestateslemonlaw.Correct:BillandMaryscarwasalemon,leadingthemtoseekrescissionoftheircontractunderthestateslemonlaw.However,whentwoormorepeopleowntwoormoreitemsseparately,eachindiv
8、idual:Incorrect:joanneandToddscarswereboughtfromthesamedealer;bothproveduseless,eventhoughjoannescarwasanimportandToddswasadomesticmodel.Correct:joannesandToddscarswereboughtfromthesamedealer;bothproveduseless,eventhoughjoannescarwasanimportandToddswasadomesticmodel.规则6、Whencreatingthepossessiveform
9、ofwordsendingins,useonlyanapostropheafterthesifthewordendsinaz,ifthewordendsinanssounduseanapostropheandanadditionalstocreatethepossessive.LessDesirable:HewasastudentinProfessorAdamssclass.MoreDesirable:HewasastudentinProfessorAdamsclass.However:HewasastudentinProfessorWeisssclass.CrossReference:Contractions缩约词，经过省略或结合一个较长短语中的一些音素而形成的词，如从willnot来的wont，或短语如从oftheclock来的oclock。译注：apostrophe省略符号,撇号()用于表示省略,如:cant,(=cannot);88(=1988)表示全部格,如boys;james表示复数,如two0s,four9s表示年代,如the1980s(读作thenineteeneighties)20世纪80年代表示一字中的某一音不发,如:lectric(=electric)from：XX/classroom/flyy/
