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1、Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automation as a separate subject. Manipulator applic
2、ation began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great convenience to the staff. Precisely because of this
3、 robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special circumstances and under special conditions set
4、 for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continues to develop as a factory automation standa
5、rds. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be mastered in a short time, so in the context of ind
6、ustrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic arm, and so on. Today, the high level of autom
7、ation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolidation, understand has some usually didnt opp
8、ortunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of research profile automation mechanical arm r
9、esearch began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its importance can be seen. Now original robotic ar
10、m spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment, but can still successfully complete like wel
11、ding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a basis. Difference is that the robot begand 广东博导
12、教育机构广东省自考教育第一品牌 电子商务运营管理复习资料一、单项选择题1、从通讯的角度看，电子商务是在Internet 上传递信息、产品/服务或进行支付。2、广义上的电子商务的英文名是Electronic Business 。 3、电子商务的出发点和归宿是商务。4、狭义的电子商务也可称作电子交易 。5、电子商务的前提是商务信息化 。 6、 交易性不是电子商务具有的特点。 7、在电子商务中，安全性是必须考虑的核心问题。8、消费者对企业不是电子商务按参与主体的分类。 9、人流不是具体商贸交易过程中包含的部分。 10、现金不是电子商务交易中采用的资金支付形式。11、中国内地首部电子商务立法条例是广东
13、省电子交易条例。 12、联合国贸法会于1996年6月通过了联合国国际贸易法委员会电商务示范法。13、现金 不是电子商务的基本组成要素。14、从服务的角度看，电子商务是一个工具 。 15、EDI是 电子数据交换 的英文缩写。16，网上银行可以提供一天24小时实时服务。二、多项选择题1、电子商务的概念包含（1）商务。（2）网络化和数字化技术要素。2、与传统的商务活动相比，电子商务具有（1）虚拟性 低成本 （2）高效性 （3）安全性特点。3、电子商务按参与主体分类可分为（1）B2C （2）B2B （3）C2C 。 4、一个具体商贸交易过程中的管理活动可分为以下（1）物流 (2)事务流。5、传统商贸交
14、易过程由(1)交易前的准备(2)贸易磋商 (3)合同与执行、支付与清算环节组成 。6、电子商务中交易所采用的资金支付形式有（1）信用卡（2）电子支票 （3电子钱包。7、传统企业面临电子商务引起了（1）信息技术的变革（2）商务流程的变革 （3）竞争与合作的变革等方面的变革。8、电子商务标准分为（1）底层的数据交换标准 （2） 底层的数据交换标准 两层。9、电子商务在线市场可划分为（1）单独型 （2）开放型 （3撮合型 （4）专家型等商业模式。10、目前，基于XML的电子商务标准主要有（1）ebXML （2） RosetteNet （3）cnXML 。11、电子商务的基本组成要素有（1）网络 （2
15、认证中心 （3）网上银行 （4）配送中心 。 12、商务活动的管理机构有（1）工商部门 （2）税务部门 （3）海关部门 （4）经贸部门。13、电子商务的概念模型包括（1）交易主体 （2）物资流 （3）信息流基本要素。14、资金流包括（1）付款（2）转账 （3）兑换 等过程。15、电子商务中的网络包括（1）Internet 、（2）Intranet（3）Extranet。 三、名词解释题1、事务流：是指商贸交易过程中的所有单据和实务操作过程。2、认证中心：是被法律承认的权威机构，负责发放和管理电子证书，使网上交易的各方都能够互相确认身份。3、联合国国际贸易程序简化工作组对电子商务的定义：采用电子
16、形式开展商务活动，它包括在供应商、客户、政府及其参与方之间通过任何电子工具，如EDI、Web技术、电子邮件等共享非结构化的商务信息，并管理和完成在商务活动、管理活动和消费活动中的各种交易。4、专家型的电子商务业务模式：专注于为用户开发特别功能，为适应不同行业的需要设计特定功能。5、Web服务：是指由企业发布的完成其特别商务需求的在线应用服务，其他公司或应用软件能够通过互联网来访问并使用这项在线服务。四，简答题1、电子商务与传统形式的商务活动相比有哪些特点？答：与传统形式的商务活动相比，电子商务具有虚拟性、跨越时空性、低成本、高效性和安全性等明显的特点。电子商务的虚拟性主要体现在企业经营的虚拟化和交易过程的
