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1、2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题Environmentalism is, in the social sciences, any theory that concerns the importance of environmental factors in the development of culture and society. The theory of environmental determinism states that the physical milieu of a people, including natural r
2、esources, climate, and geography, is the major determining factor in the formation of their culture. Determinism thereby rejects history and tradition, social and economic factors, and other aspects of culture as explanations of social development. Contemporary environmentalists recognize that physi
3、cal surroundings are only part of a total environment that includes social and economic factors cultural tradition, and reciprocal influences between societies and their environment.【答案】在社会科学中，环境保护论是指任何有关环境因素在文化和社会发展中的重要性的理论。环境决定论认为，人类的自然环境，包括自然资源、气候和地理，是其文化形成的主要决定因素。因此环境决定论拒绝将历史和传统、社会和经济因素以及文化的其他方面
4、作为社会发展的解释。当代环境学家认识到，自然环境只是包括社会和经济因素、文化传统以及社会与其环境之间相互影响在内的整个环境的一部分。2. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has
5、 been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for prin
6、ting on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked
7、, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare
8、, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure
9、 being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more
10、 linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass productio
11、n of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The authors purposes in paragraph 2 are to describe（ ）.3.The word “incised” in line 15 is closest in meaning to（ ）.4.According to the passage, wh
12、at do woodcut and engraving have in common?5.According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they（ ）.问题1选项A.The origins of textile decoration.B.The characteristics of good-quality prints.C.Two types of printmaking.D.Types of paper used in printmaking.问题2选项A.the woodc
13、uts found in China in the fifth centuryB.the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC.the process involved in creating a woodcutD.the introduction of woodcuts to Europe问题3选项A.burnedB.cutC.framedD.baked问题4选项A.Their designs are slightly raised.B.They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatchin
14、g.C.They were first used in Europe.D.They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.问题5选项A.can be reproduced on materials other than paperB.are created from a reversed imageC.show variations between light and dark shadesD.require a printing press【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。
15、题目问的是“文章主要讨论的问题是什么”。文章第一段第一句为文章的中心句：版画是一系列工艺的总称，其中木刻和雕刻是两个主要的例子（Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples），接下来的内容都是在讲述木刻与雕刻，所以选项C“版画的两种”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段的目的是为了描述”。文章第二段介绍了木刻的来源：公元五世纪中国开始采用，主要用于纺织；十四世纪传入欧洲。然后介绍了木刻工艺的具体流程，因此选项
16、C符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“单词incised与哪个词的意思最接近”。文章第三段提到“图片被进一块高度抛光的金属板”（The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate），由此可以推测出incised有“雕刻”的意思。选项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，木刻与雕刻的共同点是什么”。文章最后一段提到“版画很适合多图制作”（Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images），可知选项D符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章内容
