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1、高中英语语法词法知识详解虚拟语气一、动词的语气和种类: 语气(mood) 是一种动词的形式，用以表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1.陈述语气(indicative mood): 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。eg. Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。 China lies in the east of Asia. Can you help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？ H
2、ow I missed the life in the countryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊！2.祈使语气(imperative mood): 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。eg. Come this way, please! 请这边走。 Dont make any noise, will you 别吵，行吗？ Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。 Make yourself at home.3.虚拟语气(subjunctive mood): 虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood), 又称假设语
3、气, 是谓语动词的一种形式, 表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反, 在现实中并不存在, 或实现的可能性很小。虚拟语气是表示假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能或主观打算等的一种语气,是每年高考必考的一个语法项目。eg. If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。 We only wish we could help. (表愿望) May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！ If there were no
4、gravity, we should not be able to walk. (表假设) He suggested that we should all go to see the film.(表建议) 二、虚拟语气的形式:(1) 动词原形, 用于一切人称和数。eg. Long live the Communist Party of China! If that be so, we shall take action at once.(2) 动词的过去式, 用于一切人称和数, be的过去式用were。eg. If you loved me, you wouldnt say that. If
5、I were you in your shoes, Id accept the terms.(3) had + 过去分词, 用于一切人称和数。eg. We would have called a cab, if Harold hadnt offered us a ride home. 假如哈罗德没有驾车送我们回家，我们就得叫出租汽车了。 If we had left earlier, we wouldnt have missed the train.(4)助动词(should) +动词原形, 用于一切人称和数。eg. They suggested that we (should) meet a
6、t the station. If you should see Celia, give her my best wishes.(5) 助动词(should) + have + 过去分词, 用于一切人称和数。eg. If the steamer (should) have left port at noon, it will be passing through the canal now. It is strange that she (should) have done it.(6) 助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+动词原形eg. If I were you,
7、I should take his advice. He said he would go if I went.(7) 助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称) + have + 过去分词。(注意：美国英语常用would代替should)eg. If father hadnt sent me, I shouldnt have come. You wouldnt have seen her if it hadnt been for him.三、虚拟语气的具体用法:虚拟语气主要用于条件句即状语从句，还可用主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句等。I.状语从句的虚拟语气
8、： A. 条件句和结果主句的虚拟：(1). if条件句的虚拟条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件与结果主句皆用陈述语气。 eg. If its fine tomorrow, well go outing. If I have enough money next year, I will go to Japan. If he doesnt come at 8, we wont wait for him. 如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。 If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a g
9、reat loss of life and property.过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。 We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。 Ill let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。 非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下：动词形式 (时间)if条件从句结果主句与
10、现在事实相反if + S. + 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)I / We + should/might/could + 动词其他各人称+would/might/could 原形与过去事实相反if + S. + had + 过去分词I/we + should/might/could + have其他各人称+would/might/could + 过去分词与将来事实可能相反 if + S. + 动词的过去式( be的过去式用were) if + S. + were + to do sth. if + S. should + doI/we + should/might/could + 动词
11、其他各人称+would/might/could 原形【注】条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were), 主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。. 表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果:eg. If I were you, I should( would , could, might) tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你) If she had time, she would( could, might) help me. 如果她有时间，她就会
12、帮我了。(事实上她没有时间) If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。 If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。 If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑 I would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果: eg. If I had know
13、n your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might) have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。) If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt(couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。) If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.
14、今天早上要是没下雨, 我就去买东西了。 The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果:表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：(i) were / did:eg. If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 If you dropped the glass,
15、it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。 If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。 -What would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -我若把只放在火上会怎么样? -It would burn. -纸会烧着。(ii) should do : 条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。eg. If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨, 庄稼可能就有救了。 We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的, 那我们就相信他。(iii) were to do: 条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较
