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1、功能对等理论视角下文明之旅字幕中文化负载词的汉英翻译策略研究摘要纪录片因集视听为一体的特点，在跨文化传播方面有着突出的优势。纪录片具有真实性和极强的深度性，有着跨越意识形态文化内涵和民族属性的特点，在促进不同民族，不同国家的文化交流的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。近年来，越来越多的海外纪录片进入人们的视野。而中国的纪录片人远不满足于“引进来”，也越来越注重“走出去”。但中国国产纪录片对外输出面临着许多困难，如如何扩大市场，如何与同类型媒体间竞争，以及如何面对不同国家间的文化价值观的冲突问题，等等都是不容小觑的难题。因此翻译成为纪录片工作中的一个重点。毋庸置疑的是，翻译纪录片中的语言有偏差，有些不能
2、处理好中国文化元素，译文不能够给目的语受众营造类似原文的感受，影响了中国文化的传播。因此，如何将汉语原汁原味表达出来，让海外受众接受我们的翻译，做好中华文化传播，改进对外宣传工作，成为纪录片制片人、翻译工作者的当务之急。文明之旅是中文国际频道（CCTV4）重点打造的“国际化人文高端访谈专题纪录片”，节目中有大量中华特色的俗语、典故，对其进行翻译研究，既可以传播中华文化，又能使更多国外观众了解中华文化的精髓，文化负载词的翻译作为解读中华文化的难点，更应受到我们的重视。字幕翻译相比其它翻译具有独自特点，因为字幕受到屏幕空间和画面播放的限制。功能对等理论是1964年美国翻译家尤金奈达提出的。与以往的
3、翻译理论观点不同，功能对等理论首次提出应该优先考虑“读者反应”，同时还提出翻译应该达到“最切近的自然对等”。奈达提出翻译中的对等有两种：形式对等和功能对等；形式对等以文本为导向，功能对等以目标语读者为导向。奈达认为好的译文应当使得目标语读者和原语读者产生相同或相似的效果。奈达的功能对等翻译理论对翻译理论和实践提出了一个新的思考方向。奈达把文化负载词分为五类，分别是生态文化负载词，如地理名称；物质文化负载词，如工具设备等；社会文化负载词，如人称称谓等；宗教文化负载词，如宗教人物等；语言文化负载词，如成语数字等。据此，本文对文明之旅字幕中的文化负载词进行研究，探讨文明之旅的译者在翻译过程中所采取的
4、翻译策略。笔者认为，中国纪录片的主要目的是向西方观众介绍中国文化，因此在翻译文化负载词保留中华文化特色的同时，要满足西方的理解要求和受众感受，根据目标语读者对中华文化的理解程度对译文作出适当的调整。同时译文还要考虑到字幕的篇幅限制和转瞬即逝的特点。因此笔者认为直译、意译、和注释三种翻译策略适于文明之旅之类的富含文化负载词的纪录片的翻译。语言转换只是思想传播的基础，文化传递才是重中之重。关键词：功能对等；字幕翻译；文化负载词；翻译策略AbstractAs a medium that integrates audio-visual input, documentaries have outstan
5、ding advantages in cross-cultural communication. Documentaries play a vital role in promoting cultural exchanges between different nationalities and different cultures, because they have authenticity, depth, and the attributes of ideology, culture, and ethnicity. Since the beginning of the new centu
6、ry, more and more imported documentaries have been shown in TV channels or on the internet. And Chinese documentaries are far from being content with “bringing in”, and they are increasingly focusing on “going out.” However, in the process domestic documentaries face many difficulties, such as how t
7、o expand the market, how to compete with the same type of media, and how to face the conflict of cultural values between different countries. Therefore, the translation of documentaries is a top priority. Undoubtedly, some translations have made inappropriate rendering of the original, some fail to
8、represent cultural elements in the original work, or create the equivalent response from the target audience so as to end in failure in terms of cultural communication. Therefore, how to ensure the language acceptability of overseas audience, while at the same time showing the original Chinese chara
9、cteristics, has become the top priority for documentary translators. The Journey of Civilization column is a high-end cultural interview program specially intended for foreign viewers by the Chinese International Channel (CCTV4). The documentary offers a large number of Chinese idioms, allusions. Re
10、searching on their translation can not only spread Chinese culture, but also enable more foreign audiences to understand the essence of Chinese culture. The translation of culture-loaded terms is a difficult topic in interpreting Chinese culture, which deserves our attention. Whats more, subtitle tr
11、anslation is unique in that it is restricted by screen and picture frames. In 1964, Eugene Nida proposed a functional equivalence theory, which is different from the traditional translation theory. For the first time, functional equivalence theory proposed that “ receptors response” should be given
12、priority to, which also suggests that translation should achieve “closest natural equivalence”. Nida proposed that there are two types of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence and functional equivalence; formal equivalence is text-oriented, and functional equivalence is targeted at the targ
13、et language reader. Nida believes that a good translations should make the target language reader and the primitive readers produce the same or similar effects. Nidas functional equivalence theory provides a new perspective on translation theory and practice. According to Nidas cultural classificati
14、on, this article divides the culture-loaded terms in Journey of Civilization into five categories, namely ecological culture-loaded terms, such as geographical names; material cultural-loaded terms, such as tools and equipment; social and cultural-loaded terms, such as personal titles; religious and
15、 culture-loaded terms, such as religious figures; language and culture-loaded terms, such as idiom numbers. From the perspective of functional equivalence, this article studies the culture-loaded terms in the subtitles of Journey of Civilization and discusses the translation strategies adopted by th
16、e translators of Journey of Civilization . The main purpose of Chinese documentaries is to introduce Chinese culture to Western audience. Therefore, when translating culture-loaded terms, it is necessary to maintain Chinese characteristics while meeting Western understanding requirements. At the same time, appropriate adjustments were made based on the target language readers understanding of
