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1、Chapter 2The Sounds of LanguageObjectivesThe students will learn some universally recognized findings both in phonetics and phonology so that they will have a scientific access to observing and thus adjusting their future students English pronunciation as well as their own.Students will be able to1)
2、 distinguish phonetics and phonology,2) recognize important speech organs and describe their functions during articulation,3) make a phonetic description of any English speech sound,4) understand some basic phonological termsKey Points1) Differences between phonetics and phonology2) Articulators and
3、 their functions3) Classification of English speech sounds4) Phonological processesTime required: 80 minutesProcedurePart 1 Phonetics(40 minutes)1. Warming-up tasks (10 minutes)Pair discussion:1) List some Chinese speech sounds that are not included in standard English speech system. And then do it
4、the other way round.2) How do you classify English speech sounds? And what are your criteria?3) When you are producing the word coach, what speech organs do you think are involved? Please try to picture what is going on in your vocal tract when you are producing coach and describe the movement of th
5、e articulators involved.2. Scopes of phonetics (2 minutes)3. Important articulators and their functions (6 minutes)2） Show the graphic representation of human articulatory system and introduce the basic articulatory process.(PPT Cutaway View of Articulator System)3） Show the list of seven major arti
6、culators and ask the students to list their respective functions without referring to the textbook.a) Pharynxb) Velumc) Hard palated) Alveolar ridge / alveolume) Tongue (tip, blade, front, back, root)f) Teeth (upper and lower)g) Lips4. Phonetic transcription (2 minutes)4） Introducing IPA5） Narrow an
7、d broad transcription Respective definitions Diacritic Square brackets and obliques Examples5. Classification of English speech sounds (30 minutes)6） Basic difference between English consonants and vowels7） Classification of English vowels8） English consonants: place of articulation and manner of ar
8、ticulationPart 2 Phonology6. Warming-up activity (5 minutes)Pronounce the word “spring”, first with the aspirated /p/, then with the non-aspirated /p/, leading students to realize that the two varieties of /p/ do not change meaning, and that the analysis itself is phonological.7. Definition of phono
9、logy (3 minutes)8. Some basic notions in phonology (15 minutes)1） Phone, phoneme and allophone2） Minimal pairs and sets3） Free variation4） Distinctive features5） Suprasegmental features9. Questioning and summarizing (7 minutes)1) Listen to the students questions, giving answers to two or three or th
10、em. Identify some typical ones and leave them as topics for students after-class discussion.2) Assignments: Excises and discussion questions.10Lecture NoteI. Phonetics1. Scope of phonetics1.1 Defining phoneticsPhonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds
11、and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.1.2The three branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics（发音语音学） studies the human speech organs, andthe way in which the speech sounds are produced.Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)deals with the physical properties of the speech
12、sounds; it studies the sound waves through the use of such machines as a spectrograph. (Frequency)Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） is the study of the perception of sounds by the human ear. (Pitch)2. The vocal (speech) organs Parts of human body involved in the production of speech2.1The lungs and the tra
13、chea ( treikiEwindpipe) pulmonic sounds (肺闭塞音)2.2The resonating cavities (共鸣腔)The pharyngeal cavity/pharynx: between the top of the larynx (喉) and the soft palate) (咽腔)The throat (larynx) - vocal cords/folds, ventricular folds （膨胀带）andglottis (the opening between the vocal cords) (the quality of voi
14、cing andvoicelessness/voiced & voiceless sound(浊 / 清音), pitch(高音)The nasal cavity (鼻腔): the nose- nasal resonance(共鸣) due to the lowering the soft palate (velum): nasalsThe oral cavity(口腔): the mouth- lips, teeth, teeth (alveolar) ridge （齿龈/槽）tip of tongue, blade of tongue, hard palate, front of ton
15、gue, back of tongue, soft palate (velum), uvula, epiglottis (会厌软骨)3. Phonetic transcription3.1(The) IPAthe abbreviated form of the International Phonetic Association or the International Phonetic Alphabet (36-38)International Phonetic Association (IPA) is an organization founded in 1886by a group of European phoneticians to promote the study of phonetics. In 1888, it published the first version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which, in modified and expanded form, is today the most widely used system for transcribing the sounds of a languag
