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1、.宾语从句3. 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句， 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意一、宾语从句的种类思的宾语从句。 If 和 whether在句中的意思是“是否”。Whether, if 在从句中不宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether 和 if 可以替换。形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。例如：1. 由 that 引导的宾语从句。 That 只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语I want to know if (whether) he lives there.和非正式文体中
2、可以省略。例如：He asked me whether (if) I could help him.He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.She doesn t know (that) she is seriously ill.I am sure (that) he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why,how 引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：Do you know who (whom) they are w
3、aiting foe?He asked whose handwriting was the best.Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?I don t know why the train is late.只能用 whether 不能用 if 的情况：1）在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if 引导例： Everything depends on whether we have enough money。2）宾语从句中有or not 时不用 if 引导 .例： I don t know whether the movie star will come
4、 or not.3）和不定式连用作宾语时不用if 引导 .例：Whether to go there or not hasn t been decided.二、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：.I hear ( that) physics isn t easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?三、宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既： 1. 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。2. 主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发
5、生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例 :1） She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.2 ） She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3 ） She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already.3. 如
6、果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。.例： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.四、宾语从句的否定转移当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I don t thinkforit himisrighttotreatyou like that.主句的谓语动词think, believe, imagine, suppose,
7、 consider, expect,fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I don t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he?We suppose you have finished the project, havent you?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy
8、， unfair， dislike等 ),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?.当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesnt she?You thought they could have completed the project, didnt you?They dont believe shes an engineer, do they?She doesnt exp
9、ect that we are coming so soon, does she?五、宾语从句的简化1. 当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be backvery soon.We decided that we would help him. We decided to help him.2. 当主句谓语动词是know, learn, reme
10、mber, forget, tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+ 不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten.how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+ 不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell mehow to
11、get to the station？3. 当主句的谓语动词是 order （命令）， require （需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+ 不定式”结构。例如：The headmasterordered that we should start at once. Theheadmaster ordered us to start at once.4. 某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.
12、The poor boy doesn t know when and where he was born. The poorboy doesn t know the time and the place of his birth.5. 某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语”结构。例如：.Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping2.Can you tell me _ else is going to be on duty today (who, whom)found a
13、wallet lying on the ground.3.She said _ it wouldnt matter much.(that, if)6. 动词 seem 后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win.The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult tolearn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. Soon wefound the ground covered with thick snow.Theyfoundthattheboxwasveryheavy. Theyfoundtheboxveryheavy.宾语从
