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1、1.TheDefinitionofLogisticsAftercompletingacommercialtransaction,Iogisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier(seller)tothecustomer(buyer)inthemostcost-effectivemanner.Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics.Duringthetransferprocess,hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment(logisticscarriers)arene
2、eded,aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization.Inaddition,supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace.Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics(1) Creatingtimevalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentatdifferenttimes.Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess,whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageo
3、flogistics.Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.(2) Creatinglocationvalue:samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferentlocations.Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics.(3) Distributionprocessingvalue:sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength,thicknes
4、sandpackagesofthegoods.Likepopularsaying,cuttingintosmallerpartsisthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods.2.Logisticsisanewcommercialarea,developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone.Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostageinclude:(1) Modernlogisticsadoptscont
5、ainerizationtechniques.Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging,followedbytransportation,storageanddistribution.Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards.Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600x400mm,fromthelogisticsmoduleof1,200x1,000mm,andenlargetothesizeof2,591x2,438mm-thesizeofhighxwideofthe
6、container.Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains,trucksandships.(2) Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics.BarCode,POS,EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities.Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment,operationandmanagem
7、entofthelogisticsindustry.3.lnternationalLogisticsAnincreasingnumberofcompaniesareinvolvingininternationalmarketsthroughexporting,licensing,joinsventures,andownership.Thistrendshouldcontinue.Withsuchexpansionthereisaneedtodevelopworldwidelogisticsnetworks.Integratedlogisticsmanagementandcostanalysis
8、willbemorecomplexanddifficulttomanage.Therearesomefuturetrendsininternationalization:(1) Morelogisticsexecutiveswithinternationalresponsibilities(2) Expansionofthenumberandsizeofforeigntradezones.(3) Reductionintheamountofinternationalpaperworkanddocumentation(4) Moreforeignwarehousingisownedandcont
9、rolledbytheexportingfirm(5) Increasingnumberofsmallerfirm(6) Foreignownershipoflogisticsservicefirms,e.g.,publicwarehousingandtransportationcarriers.(7) IncreasingmultipledistributionchannelsTheinternationaltransportandtheinternationallogisticsaresamethingsinsomeway.So,whentheinternationaltradinginv
10、olved,thefirmmustestablishinternationallogisticssystemstoprovidetheproductsandservicedemanded.Themostsignificantdevelopmentininternationallogisticswillbetheincreasingsophisticationinformationsystemadoptedandindependentdepartmentstooperate.4. Packaging.Packagingperformstwobasicfunctionsmarketingandlo
11、gistics.Inmarketingthepackagingactspromotionandadvertising.Itssize,weight,color,andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct.Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing,packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant.Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlin
12、goperations.Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics.Scrapdisposal.Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle,transport,andstorewasteproducts.Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled,logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothereproductionandreprocessinglocations.Returngoodsh
13、andling.Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution.Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons.Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases.Inmanyindustries,consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair,replacement,orrecycling,reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh.Reversedis
14、tributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies.5. ThirdPartLogistics(TPL)ThirdPartLogisticsprovidesallthelogisticsservices.Theyactasabridgeorfacilitatorbetweenthefirstpart(supplierorproducer)andthesecondpart(buyerorcustomer).Theprimaryobjectivesofthirdpartlog
15、isticsprovidersaretolowerthetotalcostoflogisticsforthesupplierandimprovetheserviceleveltothecustomer.ThirdPartLogisticshavebeengrowingrapidly.Costreductionanddemandsforbatterandcheaperservicesarethemaindrivesbehindthegrowth.Athirdpartlogisticsproviderwillbeinapositiontoconsolidatebusinessfromseveral
16、companiesandofferfrequentpickupsanddeliveries,whereasinhousetransportationcannot.Otherreasonsareasfollows:* Thecompanydoesnotspecializeinlogistics;* Thecompanydoesnothavesufficientresources;* Eagertoimplementbetterlogisticsoperationordoesnothavetimetodeveloptherequiredcapabilitiesinhouse;* Thecompanyisventuringintoanewbusinesswithtotallydifferentlogisticsrequirements;* Mergeroracquisitionmaymakeoutsourcinglogisticsoperationsmoreattrac
