2022年牛津深圳版中考英语语法专项讲义(二)---名词考点详解

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中考语法专题二名词【考点分析】1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;2.名词所有格的构成及用法;3.名词的句法功能。【考点详解】一、名词的数A.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book books,girl girls,boy boys pen pens,doctordoctors,b o y-boys。(2)以 s,x,ch,s h,结尾的词加例如 busbuses,class-classes,box boxes watch-watches,brushbrushes(3)以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例 如:orange-oranges。(4)以辅音母加y 结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加es,例如:citycities,factoryfactories,country countries,family families story baby lady party。但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,例如:boy boys,day days holiday-holidays monkey-monkeys toy(5)以。结尾的词多数都加-es。(有生命加-es;无生命加-s)例如:heroheroes potatopotatoes,tomato一tomatoes,zoozoos radio radios,photophotos,pianopianos kilo-kilos,特例:bamboos kangaroos(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾的词,多数变f 为 v 再加-es,例如:knife-knives,leafleaves,half-halveso wife,shelf,leaf,wolf,thief(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,特殊变化单词1)单复数同形Chinese-Chinese fish-fish Japanese-Japanese sheep-sheep people-people deer-deer2)变元音字母oo为 eetooth-teeth foot-feet3)变 man 为 menman-men woman-women policeman-policemen Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)-Germans4)其它形式 child-children mouse-mice5)一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况A 将中心词变为复数girl friend-girl friends grandchild-grandchildren boy student Apple tree-bus driver-computer gameB man,woman构成的合成词,每个名词都要变成复数a man doctor-men doctors a woman teacher-women teacherwoman volunteer woman doctor-6)常以复数形式出现的名词(单数形式但其意为复数的名词)people police cattle,staff这些名词作主语时,注意它们的谓语用复数*The police often come here7)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes walk,an 8-year-old girl,a ten-mile walk。8)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasseso9)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics物理m aths数 学 p o litics政治游戏名称:bowls专有名词:the United States,Niagara Falls其他名词:news,falls10)部分集体名词既可以作单数(强调整体)也可以作复数(强调成员)audience,class,family,crowd,group,committee,team,enemy,U)复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关)times(时代)spirits(情绪)drinks(饮料)sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),jeans(牛仔裤)works(著作)shorls(短裤)goods(货物 glasses(眼 镜)chicken(鸡肉)名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germantwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo SwedesB.不可数名词前面不能用a,an等来修饰液体类(water):juice(果法),tea(茶,soup(汤,milk(牛奶,cola(可乐,coffee(咖啡),肉类(meat):beef(牛肉),pork(猪肉),mutton(羊肉)粉末类:bread(面包),抽象名词类:news(新闻,消息)information(消息),money(钱),advice(建意)friendship(友谊),work(工作),homework(家庭作业),housework(家务活),schoolwork(学业),help(帮助),fun(乐趣),health 健康),price 价格)食 物 类(food):broccoli(花椰菜),rice(大米,米饭),porridge(粥)junkfood(垃圾食品),chocolate(巧克力),tofu(豆腐)特别记住chalk time space music weather cotton k wood medicine advice knowledgeroom population不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数*Some bread is over there.*No news is good news.2.常用 how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any 等来修饰不可数名词*They had much money.*He does little housework at home有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同paper(纸)-a paper(报纸)room(空间)-a room(房间)fish(鱼)-fishes(各种鱼)time(时间)-times(时代)可以用以下两种方法:例如:glass(玻璃)-a glass(玻璃杯)work(工作)-a work(著作)fruit(水果)-fruits(各种水果)hair(所有头发)-hairs(几根头发)不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念(1)用 much,a little,a lot of/lots of,some,any 等来修饰。The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice.不可数名词计量的表达:个数单位词:piece(张、片、块、条),容器单位词botlle(瓶),bag(包),box(盒、箱),类别单位词:kind(种、类)度量衡单位词:kilo(千克、公斤)a piece of paper/wood/bread/advice/news/a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk)a cup of tea a bag of ricea pair of glasses/trousers/如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water二、名词的所有格名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式 是 加 其复数形式是s,(1)单数名词加&如:Marys book a students room(2)以s 结尾的复数名词只加二不以s 结尾的复数名词要加k,the three girls1 father the childrenpresents womens clothes(3)表示几个人共有,仅在最后一个人的名字后 加&表示各自所有时,需在各个名字后加I,如:Mary and Janes car(她俩人共有的车)Mary*and Janes cars(她俩各自的车)2.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用&例如:a twenty minutes walk,ten miles1 journey,a boats length,two pounds weight,today?s newspaper(今天的报纸),chinas hospital,3.无生命名词的所有格则必须用o f结构,名词+o f+所有者例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country,the color of the flowerso4.双重所有格,即 of+勺 或 of+名词性物主代词例如:a friend of my fathers oa book of my daughters 我女儿的一本书(注:物主代词不可 与 a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:a friend of mine.Each brother of his.)5 注 s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:at my aunts(我阿姨家),at Arms at the doctors(诊所)At the barbers,at the tailors名词的句法功能L名词作主语名词在句中作的句子成分很多,但作主语尤为重要,应注意以下几种情况:(1)一些以s 结尾的名词。如:maths、physicsnew s是单数或不可数名词,在句中作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式;0 trousers,shoes,glasses等为复数概念,它们在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但 a(this)pairo f+名词复数时,其主语是a(this)pa
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