经济资源管理学与财务知识分析讲座课件

资源经济学系列讲座海岸带资源经济学问题与海岸管理资源经济学问题?经济学?资源经济学?非资源经济学?自然资源经济学海洋资源?海岸带资源系统海岸带资源系统循环资源再生资源耗竭性资源土地资源滩涂资源旅游资源潮汐能资源森林资源海藻资源鱼类资源油气资源矿产资源近海陆地潮间带近岸水域海岸带空间系统海洋资源海岸地区使用其它地区使用海滨土地资源海洋旅游资源海洋生物资源海洋能源海底矿产资源海洋空间资源海洋循环资源海滨可再生资源海洋可耗竭资源资源的特点可变性复杂性不可确定性矛盾性多用途性海洋资源问题?不均衡性多用途性复杂性海洋产业?相关产业间的关系协同的（synergistic）旅游业和宾馆业、港口和临海工业互补的（complementary）养殖业和海产品加工业、捕捞和造船竞争的（Competitive）捕捞和养殖对抗的（Antagonistic）港口和旅游、房地产和生态保护区建设Problems市场失败（海南三亚虾池案例）政策失败信息失败 What is externality?Positive externalityNegative externalitySpatialTemporalHow externalities and valuation affect decision making(an example from a mangrove forest)Location of goods and servicesOn-siteOff-siteMarketedUsually included in an economic analysis(e.g.,poles,charcoal,woodchips,mangrove crabs)May be included(e.g.,fish or shellfish caught in adjacent waters)Non-marketedSeldom included(e.g.,medicinal uses of mangrove,domestic fuel wood,food in times of famine,nursery area for juvenile fish,feeding ground for estuarine fish and shrimp,viewing and studying wildlife)Usually ignored(e.g.,nutrient flows to estuaries,buffer to storm damage)Valuation of goods and servicesCase study:Change in Production-PALAWANBacuitBaySouth China SeaPALAWANEINidoManlagriverCoral reefLogging concessionDrainage basinDiving resort5 kmNProblems市场失败政策失败信息失败 Who?Management sectorsCommunitiesPrivate sectorsScientistsTrainers海岸部分产业、活动与管理部门沿岸陆地近岸水域农、渔业沿岸农用地，沿岸养殖业近岸养殖、捕捞业海洋部门海域相关产业和问题环保部门陆域污染，保护区海域污染，保护区船监船舶管理船舶管理工业部门临海工业旅游部门海滨旅游海滨旅游、游轮林业部门防护林，保护区交通部门港口航道水利部门工、农业用水、生活用水，水利工程能源部门沿岸输电，沿岸风能开发海洋能利用矿业部门沿岸矿业海底矿产执法部门沿岸执法海上执法城建生活污水处理污水入海防疫部门地下水的使用社区对一些传统的行业和行为的管理Where?向海向陆平均低潮线或平均高潮线距潮基线一定距离以行政区划为界以海洋国土为界（通常距海岸基线3和12海哩）大陆架边缘专属经济区（EEZ）距潮基线一定距离（如距低潮线200米）哥斯达黎加（MLT）斯里兰卡巴西以色列加里福尼亚（从1972到1976）西班牙大堡礁海洋公园斯里兰卡荷兰瑞士内陆地方政府的行政区划西澳大利亚（MHT）华盛顿（计划中）对海洋有负影响可能的内陆边界美国海岸一体化管理行动加里福尼亚（从1976年起）对海洋有气候影响的内陆边界UNCLOS规定的各海域范围200NauticalMilesExclusiveEconomicZone12A12BMainlandA:TerritorialSeaB:ContiguousZoneHighSeaContinentalShelfDeepSeaContinentalSlopeContinentalRiseWhen?Pro-actionInter-actionRe-actionHow?Global levelUNCLOSRegional levelAgreementNational levelNational Law,AgendaLocal levelRegulations,Institutional approachesCommunity levelConventionIndividual levelTraining and Education信息流信息流资金流资金流资金资金研究研究确定问题确定问题分析分析设计设计计划计划设置设置操作、保持操作、保持执行执行监测监测评估评估运作运作设计设计一体化管理框架一体化管理框架预警系统预警系统评估系统监测系统ICM System资源管理计划行动计划和内容需求经济行为产品和服务资源利用资金排污和居群变化矛盾激励与机构自然系统过程物理度量影响反馈政策节点分析海岸资源人力资源社会资源旅游业加工销售消费域外市场增加生态风险初级生产减少经济机会面源污染点源污染固废生活污染海岸生态、环境退化增加健康风险A1A2A4A3B1B2B3B4B2B3B2B3B1监测B4交易成本问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，是谁的责任？是谁的责任？是谁的责任？是谁的责任？科思定理均衡过程图P PD DB BP P1 1A A1 1科思定理均衡过程图P PD DB BP P1 1A A1 1A A2 2P P2 2D+D+交易成本交易成本结论：结论：交易成本的存在，使得交易成本的存在，使得不同的产权配置会带来不同不同的产权配置会带来不同的经济效率；的经济效率；污染者付费有利于降低交易成污染者付费有利于降低交易成本，有利于实现社会资源的本，有利于实现社会资源的合理配置。合理配置。PPP原则交易成本概念误导战略问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，问：海里鱼少了，工厂应赔多少？工厂应赔多少？工厂应赔多少？工厂应赔多少？Case study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANPalawan An application of the change in production approach with unidirectional externalities3 main groups:LoggersTraditional fishermenResort operators/scuba diversCase study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANBacuitBaySouth China SeaPALAWANEINidoManlagriverCoral reefLogging concessionDrainage basinDiving resort5 kmNCase study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANforestTotal erosion amountCase study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANThe economic analysis:Generation of Gross RevenuesLogging FisheriesTourism assumptions revenue information easier to obtain than cost data(second best solution)Even imperfect information can prompt better disclosure and increased provision of dataCase study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANCase study 1:Change in Production-PALAWANCross revenues over 10 years(millions$)Option 1Option 2Gross revenueNo loggingContinued loggingOption 1-2TourismFisheriesLogging 47.428.108.212.812.939.215.3-12.975.533.941.6Present value at 10%D.R.No loggingContinued loggingOption 1-2Tourism Fisheries Logging 25.517.206.39.19.819.28.1-9.842.725.217.5Case study 2:Hedonic ValuationHedonic valuation approaches:Use information on observed behavior to estimate WTP(willingness to pay)for an environmental amenity(an economic good)or disamenity(an economic bad)Requires information on transactions and differences in environmental qualityOften applied to housing,hotel rooms or other locational decisions(e.g.wages and a sunshine tax)Case study 2:Hedonic Valuation Two ExamplesFlats and hotel room pricing in resorts(e.g.on the beach in Hainan)Price varies with floor(higher floors are more expensive)Price varies with viewOcean viewgarden view usually the parking lot,maybe the mountains!Price vary with season:High season/Low seasonOr,as in Costa Rica,high season and the green season(e.g.rain)Case study 2:Hedonic Valuation Two ExamplesProcing of faculty flats at a uni9versity in China6 storey building,no lift,one flat per floor,roof leaks.What is the monthly rental per flat?If ground floor rents for 100 per month,what are the monthly rents for the following floors?Floor 2 _Floor 3 _Floor 4 _Floor 5 _Floor 6(top)_所谓资源，特别是自然资源，是指在一定所谓资源，特别是自然资源，是指在一定时间、地点的条件能够产