Katharina Reiss凯瑟琳娜凯瑟琳娜 莱斯莱斯功能学派代表人物及作品功能学派代表人物及作品凯瑟琳娜凯瑟琳娜莱斯莱斯 （Katharina Reiss）-文本类型理论文本类型理论汉斯汉斯弗米尔（弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）-目的论目的论贾斯塔贾斯塔霍茨霍茨-曼塔里曼塔里 （Justa Holz Manttari）-翻译行翻译行为论为论克里斯汀娜克里斯汀娜诺德诺德 （Christiane Nord）-功能加忠诚理功能加忠诚理论论汉斯汉斯荷尼西荷尼西 （Hans G. Honig）& 保尔保尔库斯摩尔库斯摩尔 （Paul Kussmaul）凯瑟琳娜凯瑟琳娜 莱斯莱斯（1923-） 德国翻译功能学派早期重要的创建者之一，德国翻译功能学派早期重要的创建者之一，毕业于海德堡大学翻译学院毕业于海德堡大学翻译学院主要论著包括：主要论著包括：翻译批评的可能性和限制（翻译批评的可能性和限制（19711971）与费米尔合著普通翻译理论原理与费米尔合著普通翻译理论原理（19841984）翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性性莱斯和文本类型理论莱斯和文本类型理论早期理论：围绕对等概念展开，认为翻译早期理论：围绕对等概念展开，认为翻译追求的对等应该是语篇层面的对等，而不追求的对等应该是语篇层面的对等，而不是词、句的对等，主张把翻译策略和语言是词、句的对等，主张把翻译策略和语言功能、语篇类型以及文章体裁结合起来考功能、语篇类型以及文章体裁结合起来考察察但到了后期，她意识到，等值不仅不可能但到了后期，她意识到，等值不仅不可能实现，而且有时并非人们所期望的，因此实现，而且有时并非人们所期望的，因此应该首先考虑译文的功能特征，而不是对应该首先考虑译文的功能特征，而不是对等原则。
等原则莱斯认为，语篇有信息型、表达型和操作型三种莱斯认为，语篇有信息型、表达型和操作型三种类型，语篇类型决定翻译方法类型，语篇类型决定翻译方法翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性一一文中，她在语篇类型学的基础上，细致分析了翻文中，她在语篇类型学的基础上，细致分析了翻译过程的步骤译过程的步骤分析阶段（分析阶段（phraseofanalysisphraseofanalysis）：要确定原文）：要确定原文的功能类型（的功能类型（texttypetexttype）和文本体裁（）和文本体裁（texttextvarietyvariety），然后进行文本外部语言分析然后进行文本外部语言分析重述阶段（重述阶段（phraseofreverbalizationphraseofreverbalization）：在上）：在上一步的基础上组织目标文本的结构，文本功能决一步的基础上组织目标文本的结构，文本功能决定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和篇章结构定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和篇章结构Katharina ReissTYPE, KIND AND INDIVIDUALITY OF TEXTDecision making in translation1.0 General preliminary remarks 1.1 Interlingual translation 1.2 Communication comprises linguistic and non-linguistic action 1.3 A significant factor for translating 2.0 Phrase of analysis (three stages) 2.1 Establishment of the text-type 2.2 Establishment of the text variety 2.3 Establishment of the analysis of style3.0 Phase of reverbalization 3.1 Normal cases 3.2 Problematic cases 3.3 Special cases1.0 General preliminary remarks 1.1 Interlingual translationINTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION may be defined as a bilingual mediated process of communication, which ordinarily aims at the production of a TL target language text that is functionally equivalent to an SL text source language.Otto Haseloff said, an ideal communicative is rare in translating.Because the use of two natural languages as well as the employment of the medium of the translator necessarily and naturally result in a change of message during the communicative process. At the point, the author distinguish the changes between intentional and unintentional changes affecting the translation. Unintentional changes may arise from the different language structures as well as from differences in translating competence. 举例举例 Written texts are to be characterized as “one-way communication”。
This means, on the one hand, that non-linguistic elements contributing to oral communication are partly verbalized.(gestures, facial expressions, speed of speech, intonation, etc.)1.2 Communication comprises linguistic and non-linguistic actionOn the other hand, the text analysis is made more difficult by the limitation of the possibilities of explicit verbalization of such elements as well as by the spatio-temporal separation between addresser and addressee and the lack of feedback during the act of communication.1.3 A significant factor for translatingLanguage is a temporal phenomenon and thus subject to the conditions of time. This also applies to language in written texts, which is a significant factor for translating.Two consequence of the fact :First consequence is that SL text does not guarantee functional equivalence with TL text any more.Second consequence may be the loss of understanding of the original SL text functions.2.0 Phrase of analysis In order to place a functionally equivalent TL text beside an SL text the translator should clarify the functions of the SL text. This may be done in a three-stage-process.They are the following three parts-text type,text variety and style. 2.1 Establishment of the text-typeText-type: A phenomenon going beyond a single linguistic or cultural context. There are three text types,a. The communication of content -informative type b. The communication of artistically organized content - expressive type c. The communication of content with a persuasive character - operative type Eg.a,The particular frequency of words and phrases of evaluation (positive for the addresser or for the cause to which he has committed himself; negative for any obstacle to his commitment)b, “The feature that speech elements are capable of pointing beyond themselves to a significance of the whole” (Grosse 1976)c,?Mixed forms: when we accept the three text types, the informative, expressive and the operative type, as the basic forms of written communication (intercultural), it should be taken into account that these types are not only realized in their “pure” form, that is, that they do not always appear in their “fully realized form”.Eg. versified legal texts in the Middle Ages; in order for their content to be acceptable, they had to be presented in verse form=greater dignity of rhymed language! (Mixed form between informative and expressive text type.)A additional type ,a。