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1、2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing1财务报表粉饰与分析 黄世忠 教授 Ph.D CPA MBA 厦门大学管理学院副院长 电话：0592-2513179 13906016965 电子邮件：2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing2讲 授 大 纲美国上市公司报表粉饰概述美国上市公司报表粉饰的典型手段CFE调查报告总结的典型手段AICPA最新审计准则对舞弊的描述SEC前主席Arthur Levitt的观点审计总署（GAO）的调查中国上市公司报表粉饰
2、的典型手段报表粉饰的传统手段报表粉饰的现代手段中国上市公司报表粉饰典型案例分析财务报表分析框架（Harward Model of F.S.A)附录：Sarbanes-Oxley Act简要介绍该法案对独立董事的启示，特别是与CPA沟通应注意的问题2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing3Overview of Financial Fraud2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing4Biggest U.S Bankruptcies Since 198
3、02022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing5Debts owned to Banks and Institutional Investors by WorldCom ( Total Assets: BV $ 107 billion; MV $15 billion; Total Debts $41 billion) $ in million Bank & Trust Amount Institutional Investors amountJP Morgan Trust Co. 17,200.00CALPERS 387.5
4、Deutsche Bank 240.25Prudential 386.5ABN Amco Bank 202.75 Metropolitan Life Insur. 300.3Citibank 154.88Vanguard 281.9Fleet 150.00Travelers Asset mgt. 270.1Bank One 100.00Northwest Invest. Mgt. 267.0 Mellon Bank 100.00Alliance Capital Mgt. 253.9Wells Fargo Bank 100.00American Express F.A 212.4JP Morga
5、n Chase 6.00Wellington Mgt. 212.12022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing6Merck Faked Revenue2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing7Financial Frauds and Independent DirectorsOverview of financial frauds or earnings management其他公司Microsoft, GE, IBM, Boeing, Lucent,
6、 Cisco, Oracle, AOL, Nortel, Qwest, Tyco, Global Crossing, Cendant, WMX, Sunbeam, Adelphia公司名称(事务所名称） 舞弊种类 及金额 是否由AC 发现？ 是否由CPA发现？独立懂事/董事会人数Enron (AA)虚增利润 6亿美元, 隐瞒负债30多亿美元 否 否 15/17Xerox (KPMG)虚增利润15亿美元 否 否 7/9Rite Aid(KPMG)虚增利润22亿美元 否 否 7/9WorldCom (AA)虚增利润93亿美元 否 否 9/112022/4/19Comparative Study o
7、n Measures of Window Dressing8CFEs Classification SchemeFraudCorruptionAssetMisappropriationFraudulentStatementsConflicts of InterestBriberyIllegal GratuitiesEconomic ExtortionCashFraudulentDisbursements Inventories andAll Other AssetsBogus RevenueTiming DifferencesConcealed L & EImproper Disclosure
8、Improper Valuation2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing9CFE: Duration of by Scheme Type2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing10CFE: Initial Detection of Fraud 发现舞弊方法及比例雇员举报 26.3% 偶然发现 18.8%内部控制 18.6%内部审计 15.4%外部审计 11.5%客户举报 8.6%匿名举报 6.2%卖方举报 5.1%执法部门通报 1.7%2022
9、/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing11CFE: Effective Measures to Prevent Fraud2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing12SAS 99 :Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement AuditAICPA恢复公众信任的一个重大举措2002.10.15，AICPA发布采纳SAS 99的决定取代SAS 82 （1996）自2002年12月15日生效SAS将在2002
10、年10月末或11月初正式颁布2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing13Significant Changes in the New Fraud Standard4个重大变化进一步强调职业怀疑（Professional Skepticism)的重要性对舞弊及其特征进行描述要求审计小组应当直面舞弊应当具有职业怀疑的心态（Mindset of PS)重大变化实施意想不到的审计测试（Unpredictable Audit Tests)对客户没料到的地区、场所和账户进行测试对管理当局逾越控制（Override of Contro
11、l)作出反映提出测试管理当局逾越控制的审计程序2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing14Description and Characteristics of Fraud1个关键要素舞弊是蓄意行为（Intentional Behavior)舞弊是个法律概念，CPA不对某项行为是否属于舞弊作出法律决定舞弊与差错的差别在于是否故意造成错报或漏报实际工作中难以判断，如不合理会计估计（Unreasonable Accounting Estimates)2种舞弊类型虚假财务报告产生的错报Misstatements arising
12、from fraudulent financial reporting挪用资产产生的错报Misstatements arising from misappropriation of Assets2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing15Description and Characteristics of Fraud3个必备条件动机或压力Management or employees have an incentive or are under pressure机会Circumstances exist (e.g. ab
13、sence of control, ineffective control, ability of management to override controls) that provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated理由Those involved are able to rationalize a fraudulent act as being consistent with their personal code of ethics2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window
14、 Dressing16Triangle of FraudAlbrecht el.al 提出的舞弊铁三角PressureOpportunityRationalizationFraud2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing17Arthur Levitts Comments on “ Number Game”5 Methods Game Playing identified by LevittBig-bath charges ( 洗大澡或巨额冲销）Creative acquisition accounting （创造性并购会
15、计）Cook-jar reserves （甜饼盒式准备金）Revenue recognition （收入确认）Materiality （重大性）2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing18GAO : Restatement by Reason, 1997-20022022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing19中国上市公司报表粉饰典型手段报表粉饰的传统手段收入确认虚拟资产期间费用资本化股权投资存货及应收账款其他应收应付款报表粉饰的现代手段资产重组关联交
16、易资产评估补贴收入八项准备会计调整2022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing20A公司的财务图象 (单位：万元） 年度 净资产主营收入净利润1999 20,709 6,757 20,0102000 3,014 6,797-16,5852001- 198,868 5,187-225,7242022/4/19Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing21A公司 2001年度减值明细表(单位：万元） 项 目 年初余额 本年增加数本年转回数 年末余额坏账准备 其中：应收账款 其他应收款 42,724 32,667 10,057 166,049 128,055 37,994 - - - 208,773 160,722 48,051存货跌价准备 其中:原材料 12,606 10,855 14,953 12,572 83 83 27,476 23,344长期投资减值准备 2,351 1,335 - 3,686固定资产减值准备 - 7,657 - 7,657在建工程减值准备 -
