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1、定语从句与宾语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that和关系副词where, when, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。 例：This is the boy who often helps me.二. 关系代词和关系副词的功能 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系
2、代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。 例：I dont like people who talk much but do little.2. 作宾语 例：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定语：关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。 例：Whats the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?4. 作状语 例：Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
3、三. 关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 例：The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。 例：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。 例：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。 例：A dictionar
4、y is a book which gives the meaning of words.5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可省略。 例：Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。 例：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。 例：The factory where his father works is in the east
5、of the city.【注意】关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面。 例：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 四. 特殊用法1. 只用that不用which 的情况（1）先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everythi
6、ng, anything 等不定代词时。 例：All that he said is true. （2）先行词被only, no, any, one of等词修饰时。 例：The giant panda is one of the most lovely animals in the world that live in the mountains of China. （3）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。 例：The desk is the second thing that I have made. .（4）先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。 例：This is the be
7、st book that I have read this year.（5）先行词既包括人又包括物时。 例：He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2. 只用which不用that 的情况（1）在非限制性定语从中。 例：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.（2）定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。 例：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.定语从句
8、练习1. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village _ he visited five years ago. A. where B. who C. that 2. The girl _ is reading is my sister A. who B. whom C. which 3. They like to live in a house _ is not very big but bright and comfortable . A. that B. who C. what 4. When she got home, the first thing _
9、she did was to clean the house. A. which B. what C. that 5. Running man is a very relaxing TV program _ is hot among the young people. A. what B. which C. who 6. The photo _ taken by my brother last week is very nice. A. which were B. that wereC. which was7. China has the worlds longest high-speed r
10、ailway _ we are proud of. A. that B. which C. what8. Those people and exciting stories _ happened in the movie are well worth learning to us. A. which B. who C. that9. I dont like those _ talk much but do little. A. who B. whoseC. which 10. - Dad, Im hungry. Do we have anything to eat? - You can hav
11、e some bread _ from the supermarket. Its on the table. A. which I am buying B. that I will buy C. that I bought 11. - What are you going to do this summer vacation? - Im going to start a club to help students _ not interested in schoolwork. A. who is B. that is C. who are 12. - Dont eat too much jun
12、k food. - Youre right. However, I do like the food _ tastes good. A. that B. what C. when13. - Hi, Kimmy. Do you know Jam Hsiao? - Sure. He is a popular singer _ comes from Taiwan. A. who B. which C. Whom14. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which
13、 B. where C. that15. I can think of many cases (例子) _ students obviously (明显地) knew a lot of English words and expressions (表达) but couldnt write a good essay (文章). A. why B. which C. where16. - Why does she always ask you for help? - There is no one else _, is there? A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn 17. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which 18. Alec asked the po
