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1、学习必备欢迎下载The RepublicThe Republic excerpt: the allegory寓言） of cave.The Allegory of the Cave describes four stages through which a person has to pass to get a sound education. These stages are distinguished by what a learner is able to see.Imagesdelusion-perceptible&scientific objectsinformed opinion-
2、mathematical&scientific objectsscientific knowledge-the goodphilosophical wisdomWhat do the images in the cave stand for.False realityWhat is Plato s understanding of the nature of education.The first thing about the prisoners in the cave is that they are looking in the wrong direction. This notion
3、of orientation is central to Platos idea of education:he later describes real education as the art of orientation（定位,信仰）and the educators task as that of turning.Educators should devise the simplest and most effective methods of turning souls around. It shouldnt be the art of implanting sight in the
4、 organ, but should proceed on the understanding that the organ already has the capacity.Plato insiststhat studies in the mathematical sciences not be compulsory . compulsory（强制的）intellectual work” never remains in the soul .Education is liberating.The Education of Nature1. Education of nature, educa
5、tion of men, education of things;The internal development of our faculties and our organs is the education of nature; the use that we are taught to make of this development is the education of men;And what we acquire from our own experience about the objects which affect us isthe education of things
6、.天性,我们是无法把握的,社会,我们也只能把握某些方面,而人的训练就是我们能完全掌控的）The one alone in whom they all coincide at the same point and tend to the same ends reaches his goal and lives consistently. He alone is well raised.what is the goal. It s the same as that of nature. Since the conjunction of the three education is necessar
7、y to their perfection, the two others must be directed toward the one overwhich we have no power.社会及人的训练应当遵循天性,训练顺应儿童天性进展）2. Habit vs. nature;Nature is habit, but as soon as the situation change, habit ceases and the nature return.Education is certainly just habit. The education make us more becomec
8、apable of using our senses and more enlightened. 训练交给我们习惯）The original disposition is nature.3. Making a man vs. making a citizen;Rousseau thinks that, one must choose to between making a man or a citizen, for one cannot make both at the same time.训练的目的是培养自然人）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载Nature man is en
9、tirely for himself; a man act as he speaks; a man always be decisive in making his choice and stick to it. The citizen is determined by the whole social institution.In the nature, the men are equal and capable to do all jobs; but in the society, the citizens have class and are limited in the specifi
10、c jobs, no freedom.4. Public and common education vs. individual and domestic educationPublic education is like the Platos republic. Plato only purified the heart of man; Lycurgus denatured it. The education of society is fit only for making double men.The Democratic Conception in Education:1. What
11、is democracy. What are two traits of a democratic society. What is democratic education.（ 1） It is not just a form of government, but primarily a mode of social life that is unique in providing an adequate setting for human flourishing.（ 2 ）2. What are the strengths and critics of the Platonic educa
12、tional philosophy.3. What are the strengths and critics of the“ individualistic” ideal of the eighteenth century.4. What are the strengths and critics of the institutional idealistic philosophy of the nineteenth century.5. What is Dewey s philosophy of education.Banking v. Problem-solving Models of
13、EducationWhat is banking mode of education.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载This relationship involves a narrating Subject the teacher and patient, listening objects the students. The contents, whether values or empirical dimensions of reality, tend in the process of being narrated to become lifeless and pet
14、rified.The teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. His task is to fill the students with the contents of his narration.What is problem-solving mode of education.Paulo Freire felt that for the learner to move from object to Subject, he or she
15、needed to be involved in dialogical action with the teacher. Dialogic action has two basic dimensions, reflection and action.Dialogue cannot exist without humility.Dialogue in itself is a co-operative activity involving respect.Dialogue is a give and take of ideas, a sharing.What are students and teachers roles in these two modes of education. Teacher-students and student teachers are continually reflecting on themselves and the world, establishing an authentic form of thought and action.”Banking education, which emphasizes the teachers ro
