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1、在这讲中我们要谈谈过去五十年中对稳定世界经济作出页献的两个重要国际 组织-国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织，以及其前身关税及贸易总协定的由来 和开展。在这一讲中我们要谈谈过去五十年中对稳定世界经济作出奉献的两个垂要国际 组织 I ternational Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织和 World Trade Organisation 世界贸易组织及其前,身 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,简称GATT,也就是关税及贸易总协定的由来和开展。澳广金融节目主持人巴里克拉克首先介绍了这两个国际组织诞生的历史背景： These institut
2、ions came into existence because policy makers in the United States and the Uni led Kingdom, the dominant players in the post-World War 11 planning game, wanted to avoid a repeat of the mistakes made during the inter-war years.From an economic perspective, the period between the two world wars might
3、 best be described as an era of instability and collapse. The 1930s saw a drastic contraction of world trade, lower income and high unemployment.下面我们分段听一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）这些机构的成立是由于美国和英国这两个在第二次世界大战后制定方案时占支 配地位国家的领导人希望防止重夏在两次大战之间那段时期犯的错误。从经济角度来看，第一 次和第二次世界大战之间的那段时期可以说是动乱与崩溃 的时期。在一九三十年代，世界贸易严碗收缩，收
4、入降低，失业增加。接下来我们完整听i遍巳里克拉克的这段谈话。（略）澳大利亚莫纳什大学的里查德斯纳普教授对当时的历史背景作了进一步的解释。 他在谈话中便用了这样一些词组：1 international monetary system 国际货币秩序2 currency turmoil 货币动乱3 erecting trade barriers 设立贸易壁垒4 bilateralism 双边主义5 preference优先,特惠6 contagious可蔓延（传染）的斯纳普教授说：There were two or three main things: one of course was the c
5、ollapse of the international monetary system with countries restricting payments abroad and access to foreign currencies - and so there was a great deal of currency turmoi 1. And then, with the onset of recession and depression in the world, you had countries erecting trade barriers, trying in fact
6、to export unemployment, trying to stimulate demand for their own products by keeping imports out.And this was contagious so that in the early 1930s, you had a very, very substantial decrease in international trade and, of course, with chat, an increase in inefficiency, as countries were trying lo do
7、 more and more themselves.You also had a great growth in bilateralism, that instead of trading on a multilateral basis - that is trading with anyone and buying from the cheapest source - you had a whole series of trade agreements where preferences were being given to particular countries.And so you
8、had three aspects going on really: You had first of al I a currency turmoi 1: you had, secondly, very substantial ly increasing trade barriers and associated with that and with the Depression greatly decreasing trade; thirdly you had a great deal of channelling of trade with preferred countries.下而我们
9、分段听一遍斯纳普教授的谈话和中文翻洋：（英文略）主要有两或三个方面：其中之-当然是各国限制向海外付款和限制兑换外汇，使 国际货币秩序崩溃，造成极大的货币动乱。然后随假设世界经济衰退和茄条的开始， -些国家设立贸易壁垒，试图转嫁失业，并停止进口以刺激对本国产品的需求。 各国互相仿效，结果在一九三十年代初国际贸大幅度缩减，同时无效率生产增加， 因为芥国都尝试亡1己来作更多的事。同时“双边主义”也大行其道，各国签订许多贸易协议，为某些特定国家提供贸 易优惠，以此代替了在多边根底上进行的贸易，也就是同所有国家往来、购置最 廉价产品的贸易。因此一共有三个方面的因素：一是货币动乱：二是贸易壁垒大量增加，再
10、加上大 萧条，贸易大幅度缩减；第三是大量通过优惠国渠道进行贸易。卜而我们把斯 纳普教授对国际货币基金组织成立时的历史背景的介绍再听一遍。（略）一九四四年七月，美国总统罗斯福邀清四十四个国家的代表团到美国新罕布什尔 州的布雷顿森林举行联合国货币及金融会议。也就是在这次会议上成立了两个新 的国际组织：International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织和 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行, 俗称World Bank世界银行。国际货币基金组织有这样三个主要的目标:One, the resto
11、ration of a multilateral system of payments, based on world wide convert!bi 1 ity of currencies; two, stabi 1 ity of exchange rates: and three, national independence in monetary and fiscal policies.国基组织的三个主要目标是：在全球范围货币可兑换的根底上重建多边付款秩 序：稳定汇率：各国自主确定货币和财政政策0我们再听 遍这段英文。（略）澳广金融节I上持人巴里克拉克接卜来谈了世界贸易组织前身“关税及贸
12、易总 协定”的诞生：At the time of Brotton Woods, the intention was to create an international trade organisation paralleling the IMF. However, because currency stability and financial reconstruction were considered of greater urgency this did not eventuate.Indeed, it was not until three years later, in 1947,
13、 that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - better known by iLs acronym, the GATT -became the focus for trade negotiations.As a loose-knit organisation, an agreement between contracting parties, the GATT differed organisationally from the IMF. It worked through what were termed, * negotiating
14、 rounds* at which member countries agreed to tariff reductions.接下来我们分段听一遍巳里克拉克的谈话和中文翻译：（英文略）任举行布雷顿森林会议时，各国本打算建立一个与国际货币基金组织并存的国际 贸易组织。但这并没有成为现实，因为稳定货币和重建金融体系被认为是当务之 急。实际上，直到三年后的一九四七年，以它的英文缩写“GATT”更为知名的“关税 及贸易总协定”才成为贸易谈判的焦点。作为一个松散的组织和一项各签约国达成的协议，它在组织结构上与国基组织不 同。它是通过“谈判回合”来工作的。各成员国在谈判中就降低关税达成协议。 我们可完整听
15、一遍巴里克拉克的这段谈话。（英文略）在这一讲的最后，我们再复习一下出现的一些英文词汇：1 international monetary system 国际货币秩序2 currency turmoil 货币动乱3 erecting trade barriers 设立贸易壁垒4 bi lateral ism 双边主义5 preference优先，特惠6 contagious可蔓延（传染）的7 loose-knit 松散的8 convertibility of currencies 货币的可兑换性这次由澳洲播送电台中文部为您制作的金融世界节目到这里就结束了。欢送您给我们写信谈谈您对我们节目的看法。我们设在中国北京的信箱是：北京 9023号信箱。邮政编码100600.您也可以从我们的互联网网页上取得本节目的文字材料。我们的网址是：ww. abc. net. au/ra
