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1、 THEMODERNPRESIDENCY This page intentionally left blank THEMODERNPRESIDENCY SIXTH EDITION James P. Pfiffner George Mason University Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States The Modern Presidency, 6th Edition James P. Pfiffner Publisher: Suzanne Jeans Executive
2、 Editor: Carolyn Merrill Assistant Editor: Katherine Hayes Editorial Assistant: Angela Hodge Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker Marketing Coordinator: Josh Hendrick Marketing Communications Manager: Heather Baxley Manufacturing Buyer: Karen Hunt Manufacturing Manager: Barbara Britton Art Director: Lind
3、a Helcher Senior Permissions Manager, Image: Jennifer Meyer Dare Senior Rights Specialist, Text: Katie Huha Production Service: Pre-PressPMG Cover Image: Getty Images Cover Designer: Hannah Wellman 2011, 2008, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
4、copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, ex
5、cept as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer Watergate, Iran-Contra, and President Clintons impeachment are three e
6、xamples of crises in the presidency that were internally generated. That is, they did not originate from external “enemies” of the president but rather from in- side the presidency itself. In his attempt to enhance executive power at the expense of Congress and the courts, President George W. Bush s
7、ometimes overstepped the bounds of the Constitution. The final chapter examines these controversies as well as the question of presidential reputation and how it often fluctuates with changing historical circumstances. This sixth edition has been revised and updated throughout to bring the data and
8、analysis up through the first six months of the Obama administration. Chap- ters 4 and 5 have been combined, some of the administrative histories of agencies have been dropped, and the major reorganizations of the intelligence community and creation of the Department of Homeland Security have been a
9、dded. Both the Bush and Obama presidencies will mark turning points in American history. After the atrocities of 9/11, President Bush began two wars that continued into the xiiPREFACE Obama presidency, with no clear outcomes in sight. In his conduct of the war on terror President Bush sometimes igno
10、red the advice of career civilian and military leaders, and this new edition analyzes how this occurred. After the 2004 election, President Bush took to the road to convince the American public that changes in the Social Security system were needed. A new case study explains why his efforts were fut
11、ile, despite his reelection in 2004. President Obamas election was historic because Americans for the first time elected an African American as president. And the Democratic primary elections were historic in that Hillary Clinton was the first female presidential candidate who had a realistic chance
12、 of winning the presidential nomination and the presi- dency. She was only narrowly defeated by Barack Obama in the Democratic nomi- nation contests. These developments are the subject of analysis in Chapter 2. Barack Obama took over the presidency during the most ominous economic circumstances sinc
13、e the Great Depression, and his policy agenda was the most ambitious since that of Lyndon Johnsons Great Society proposals. This new edi- tion analyzes Obamas policy victories in his first six months in office, but the fate of his major priorityhealth care financing reformremained undecided in the s
14、ummer of 2009. The structure of his White House and the role of cabinet secretar- ies in his administration were established early in his term, and they are the subject of new sections in the book. PREFACExiii This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book has benefited from the genero
15、sity of others. I would like to thank Don Reisman, who originally proposed the idea to me, for his enthusiasm and encour- agement. Thanks also to Ron Geisler, executive clerk to the president from 1982 to 1994, and his staff for helping me to understand the operation of the presidency, particularly
16、the appointments process. Tim Saunders succeeded his former boss, Ron Geisler, as executive clerk to the president and generously continued to pro- vide me with authoritative data on the presidency and the White House. For helpful advice on this and earlier editions of this book, I would like to thank several colleagues: Lara M. Brown, James Carter, Robert Cleary, Timothy Conlan, Christopher Deering, Robert Dudley, George E
