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1、- 1 -EXTENDING BEARING LIFEBearings fail for a number of reasons， but the most common are misapplication， contamination， improper lubricant， shipping or handling damage， and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what
2、 went wrongHowever， while a postmortem yields good information， it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first place To do this， it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing.Equally cr
3、itical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.1 Why bearings failAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by cont
4、amination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment Fortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable， and a simple visual exam
5、ination can easily identify the causeConducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing Then， understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avo
6、ided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loading such as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel) It may also be
7、caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races Raceway dents also produce noise， vibration， and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning This problem is called false brinelling. I
8、t occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False b
9、rinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce - 2 -environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Pre
10、loading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color， usually to blue-black or stra
11、w colored Friction also causes stress in the retainer， which can break and hasten bearing failurePremature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload When these conditions are unavoidable， bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked outA
12、nother solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material When standard bearing materials， such as 440C or SAE 52100， do not guarantee sufficient life， specialty materials can be recommended. In addition， when the problem is traced back to excessive loading， a higher capacity bearing or di
13、fferent configuration may be usedCreep is less common than premature fatigue In bearings it is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other components in addition to the bearing0ther more lik
14、ely creep indicators are scratches， scuff marks， or discoloration to shaft and bore To prevent creep damage， the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checkedMisalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related If races are misaligned or cocked The balls track in a noncirc
15、umferencial path The problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing， or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting site Misalignment of more than 1/4can cause an early failureContaminated lubricant is often more difficult to detect than misalignment or creep Contamination shows as premature wear
16、Solid contaminants become an abrasive in the lubricant In addition。 insufficient lubrication between ball and retainer wears and weakens the retainer In this situation， lubrication is critical if the retainer is a fully machined type Ribbon or crown retainers， in contrast， allow lubricants to more easily reach all surfaces Rust is a form of moisture contamination and often indicates the wrong material for the application If the material checks out for the
