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1、,Why Historians Disagree,The present text is based on the introduction to a book entitled Conflict and Consensus(意见等的一致） in Modern American History edited by Allen F. Davis and Harold D. Woodman, professors at Temple University and Purdue University respectively, who also wrote the introduction.,Aut
2、hors,Woodrow Wilson,Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), Americas 28th president(1913-1921), was a professor of law, the president of Princeton University, and the governor of New Jersey before he was elected to the White House.,Zimmerman Note,The Zimmerman Note was a communiqu（公报）authored by German Foreign
3、Secretary Arthur Zimmerman and intercepted by American Intelligence. The note had been designed to entice （诱使）Mexico into declaring war against the United States should the U.S. declare war on Germany. As a reward, Mexico would then receive Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas after the war.,Full text： On
4、 the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and
5、together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.,Zimmerman Note,You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the gre
6、atest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate（斡旋） between Germany and
7、Japan.,Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel （迫使）England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Sent January 19, 1917),immerse v.,a. to put sth. under the surface of a liquid 使浸入 b. to involve oneself deepl
8、y (in sth.) 使专心于,He immersed the knife in boiling water. Immerse the cloth in the dye for 20 minutes. I walked into the study and found Mr. Johnson immersed in his writing, as usual. When Alfred inherited his fathers estate, he immersed himself in pleasure.,A sea of (people of things): a very large
9、number of The immense square was a sea of flowers and happy faces. By way of: through,a. through, by route of, via b. as a means of; as a type of; serving as,by way of,Examples: You can get this information by way of the Internet. He sent her some flowers by way of an apology.,Fat: 1. 肥沃的 fat land 肥
10、沃的土地 A fat country 富裕的国家 2. 有利可图的 A fat contract (bargain) 有利可图的合同（交易） 3. thick and well-filled 厚的、大量的、内容充实的 Make a fat profit 获得暴利 Pay a fat price 付出很大的代价 A fat job 肥缺 4. nearly nonexistent 不多、少 A fat chance （not likely) you know a fat lot about it. 你一点儿也不懂。,Fat: overweight , heavy, plump, chubby,
11、stout（壮实的） obese (过分肥胖的） Thin: slim, slender, bony,Most students are usually introduced to the study of history by way of a fat textbook and become quickly immersed in a vast sea of names, dates, events and statistics.,Most students usually come to have their first experience of the study of history
12、 through the reading of a thick history textbook and soon are overwhelmed by a large number of names, dates, events and statistics.,thick,(metaphor) a great number of,simply: only; nothing but It is simply a matter of time. bring together: collect on (upon) (fml.): directly after (and often as a res
13、ult of) On hearing the news, she burst into tears. Disagree: I strongly disagree with the last speaker. Bill and I often disagree, but we are good friends.,Sharply: clearly and definitely His aggressive behavior contrasted sharply with the mild manner of his brother.,State of affairs: a situation 情形
14、、情况 There is not much we can do in the present state of affairs. This is a very unpleasant state of affairs.,Their common-sense reaction to this state of affairs is to conclude that one historian is right while the other is wrong.,When a person is faced with this kind of situation, the normal, pract
15、ical response will be that one historian is right whereas the other is wrong.,“whereas or and”, implying a contrast,their response based on common sense,presumably,adv. used to say that you think something is probably true 据推测、大概可能,a. presumable n. presumption v. presume,Presumably theres a good rea
16、son for her absence, as she doesnt usually stay away from work.,Word formations,contend,v. a. to struggle, to be in rivalry 争夺、竞争 b. to argue, to assert 争辩说,I know the charms of my rival are too powerful for me to contend with. Three armed groups are contending for power. Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought. contending historians: historians who are fighting or debating,More or less: almost; to an undetermined degree 1. 或多或少 Th
