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1、1,melting pot: (大熔炉):It means a country which is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.2,cold war:In the post war period the difference between the two powers increased and later led to a new kind of war,a war without fighting which was called the cold war.In genenral,it w
2、as marked by international tension and hostility arising from various military ,diplomatic,social,propagandistic,and economic pressures employed by one side against the other to gain advantage economically in terms of security,or in terms of world opinion.3,judicial review:The supreme court also has
3、 the power to examine the bills passed by congress and policies made by President,and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them.John Marshall called this power of the interpretation of the constitution judicial review.4,winner-take-all principle:There are now 538 presidential electors,535
4、states and 3 from Washington D.C. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that states electoral votes.This is known as the “winner-take-all”principle.5,(no)taxation without representation:At last the stamp Act Congress drew up a declaration of rights and adopted a petition to the ki
5、ng and parliament declaring that the English Parliament had no jurisdiction over colonial affairs,and Americans could be taxed only by bodies that represented them directly.6,impeachment:Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges;it does not mean conviction.In American,if the President abuses
6、his power or commits crimes ,he will be impeached by congress.7,New Deal:The sum total of Franklin Roosevelt measures to end the depression was called the New deal,its main aims were to raise commodity prices by limiting production,devaluing the dollar,maintaining high tariffs on foreign goods,and t
7、o carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.8,Roaring Twenties:The ten years between 1919 and 1929,usually called the “Roaring Twenties”or the “Jazz Age”,were a time of carefree prosperity,isolation from the worlds problems,bewildering so
8、cial change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure.9,Electoral college: Electoral College is made up by a slate of presidential electors who are chose by voters.The number of the Electoral College in each state is equal to that of its senators and representatives in Congress.In takes place on Election D
9、ay.10,Federalism:According to the US Constitution,neither the central nor the state government receives its powers from the other;both derive them from a common source,the Constitution.The national government has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution.The states have the powers not de
10、legated to the central government except those denied to them by the constitution and the constitution of their states.This division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government is called federalism.it operates only on two levels.The national and the state.Units of
11、 government within a state enjoy no independent existence.11,Monroe Doctrine:The foreign policy promoted by James Monroe.It included four points.First,it recognized existing of European colonies.Second,it made America stay out of European affairs.Third,it protected the dependence of new Latin Americ
12、an nations.Forth,no European colonization in the American.Its essence was “American for Americans”12,Reconstruction:It divided all the former confederate states,except Tennessee,into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer.It also gave the blacks right t
13、o vote.13,Missouri Compromise:In 1820,the North and the south Reached a solution by the “Missouri Compromise”which admitted Missouri as a slave state,but balance her by admitting Maine as a free state.At the same time,it was agreed that the remainder of the Louisiana Territory worth of the 36度30分 pa
14、rallel of latitude,with the exception of Missouri,would be free of slavery.south of that line slavery could continue.14,Truman Doctrine: It economic equivalent of the containment policy promoted by American President Truman to keep Communists out of political power in Europe,and to stabilize the int
15、ernational economic order in a way favorable to capitalism.15,Declaration of Independence:On July 4,1776,the Declaration of Independence was signed by the representatives from all the colonies.Its principle author was Thomas Jefferson.It declarated that all people have equal rights,Great British had
16、 treated the colonies and now the colonies has become an independent country known as United States of American.16,Westward movement:In the 18th and 19th centuries,the US frontiers extended westward step by step,this westward expansion may be treated in three stages:the settlement of the region between the old seaboard states and the Mississippi River;the settlement of the Louisiana Territory;and the occupation of the far southwest.17,popular sovereignty:It is
