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1、土木工程专业英语,许斌 芙蓉学者特聘教授 土木工程学院防灾与安全工程系 电话：8821856 邮件：,Abstract. Write an abstract of 150-175 words for all papers and technical notes. An abstract should not contain jargon(行话）, but should be written in plain language and include a summary of the key conclusions. It should be written for a general engi
2、neering audience such as recent graduates/beginning graduate students. To be most useful to the engineering community, the following should be clear: the purpose of the work, the scope of the effort, the procedures used to execute the work (if of special interest), and the major findings.,The abstra
3、ct must include this information because abstracts are often used separately for information retrieval and may be the only part of the paper a reader ever sees. Revised abstracts are routinely requested from authors before papers are assigned for review if the abstract is incomplete. Do not include
4、mathematics or references to other literature in an abstract. Gender-Specific Words. Avoid “he,“ “she,“ “his,“ “her,“ and “hers.“ Use words such as “author,“ “discusser,“ “engineer,“ and “researcher.“,英文摘要 1、英文摘要的时态 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳。 （1）一般现在时：用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等；涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般
5、现在时。 （2）一般过去时：用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理，只是当时情况；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。 （3）现在完成时和过去完成时：完成时少用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。,2、英文摘要的语态 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。 （1）主动语态：摘要中谓语动词采用主动
6、语态，有助于文字简洁、表达有力。 （2）被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。 （3）英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe， To study， To investigate， To assess，To determine，行文时最好不用第一人称。,3、注意事项 （1）冠词：主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以及的独
7、一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。 （2）数词：避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。 （3）单复数：一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。 （4）使用短句：长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。,研究目的或者要解决的问题 The aim of this research is to carry out the critical experiment and obtain The purpose of this paper is to explain theoretically the proble
8、m of Our project aims to study / survey / evaluate / determine The main objective of this study is to determine This paper seeks to justify The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following The purpose for this study is to show that This report presents evidence to show th
9、at the conventional method ,解决问题的方法及过程 The experiments on were carried out by using Experiments on were performed to measure under different conditions. Te accuracy of the solutions is tested by comparing them with The tests were carried out on a The tests were designed to determine Methods of analy
10、sis are based on A simplified diagram of is taken as reference. The assumptions are evaluated by comparison with measurement results.,研究的主要结果 has been greatly improved. The agreement with the corresponding results from is obtained. The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlie
11、r by Our work involving studies of prove to be encouraging. The problem of is solved. is realized by using was constructed which can be used in This paper provides an ideal source of With the application of , may be decreased by ,研究得出的结论 It is concluded that Finally we come to the conclusion that is
12、 feasible. In summing up it may be stated that The results are generally supportive of These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that These results suggest that The result can be expected to be of great use The data reported here suggest that The result obtained has import
13、ant application in ,The first paragraph or two should be written out completely. Pay particular attention to the opening sentence. Ideally, it should state concisely the objective of the work, and indicate why this objective is important. 文章的第1或2段应该完全用来写引言。要特别注意写好开头一句话。最好是简洁地陈述工作的目的，并指明该工作为什么重要。,How
14、 to Write Introduction 引言的写法,(1) In general, the Introduction should have these elements:一般而言，引言应该包含以下几个要素 The objectives of the work.工作目的。 The justification for these objectives: Why is the work important? 对工作目的评价：该工作为什么很重要？ (2) Background:工作背景 Who else has done what? How?谁做了什么工作？做得怎么样？ What have w
15、e done previously?以前我们做了哪些工作？ (3) Guidance to the reader.导读 What should the reader watch for in the paper ?读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？ What are the interesting high points?有意义的要点有哪些？ What strategy did we use?我们用到了哪些策略？,Elements of an Introduction,引言常用句型,研究范围： The problem under discussion is within the scope of
16、. In recent years, considerable effort has been directed towards investigating has been widely applied to analyses . is involved in many industrial processes. is common among is often used for The use of has been the universal choice to analyze Many problems arose as a result of Various approaches such as have been employed as Attention is being paid to Recently particular attent
