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1、高考高频易混词语辨析（北京大学特聘教授、北京市中学英语特级教师、北京师范大学特聘教授 程中一）1. celebrate, congratulate celebrate 和 congratulate 的区别：(1) celebrate 意思是举行仪式、典礼的“庆祝”，只能用事（节日、胜利、成功等）作宾语；We had a party to celebrate Mothers silver wedding. 我们举行宴会庆祝母亲的银婚纪念日。(2)congratulate 意思是“祝贺；道贺”，只能用人作宾语，若要表明所祝贺的事情，后面要用 on (upon) 连接，例如：We congratul
2、ated her on winning the contest. 我们祝贺她在比赛中获胜。I will congratulate you (up) on your success. 我预祝你成功。注意：译：他们下星期为你庆贺生日。误：They will congratulate your birthday next week.正：They will celebrate your birthday next week.自我测试根据句意，用 celebrate 和 congratulate 的适当形式填空。1. I _ you on the birth of a son.2. We should
3、_ the boy for keeping a cool head.3. He _ his birthday with a banquet.4. We _ our national Day every year.5. They held a party to _ the victory.答案：1. congratulate 2. congratulate 3. celebrated 4. celebrate 5. celebrate2. chance, opportunity chance 和 opportunity 这两个单词都可以表示“机会”，但含义不同。(1)chance 指侥幸的或偶然
4、的机会,或无法解释的 “天意” 或 “命运” 所安排的时机，意为运气，机会。Its the chance of lifetime. 这是千载难逢的机会。(2) opportunity 指符合人们意向或目的的一般机会，或指某一特定时机，有利于做某件事以实现某种抱负与愿望，意为：良机，机会。二者常可交换使用。例如：What a wonderful opportunity! 多么难得的机会呀！They had no chance/opportunity to escape. 他们没有逃跑的机会。I had no chance/opportunity to see him. 我没机会见到他。I nev
5、er miss a chance/opportunity of playing football. 我从不放弃任何踢足球的机会。I wish Id had your chances/opportunities. 但愿我曾获得你那样的好机会。注意: 表示偶然性，强调“命运”的安排时，chance 比 opportunity 更好。例如：Chance plays an important part in many card games. 在很多纸牌游戏中，运气起着重要的作用。A wise man turns chance into good fortune. 聪明人能把机会变成好运气。 chanc
6、e 还可表示 “可能性”，opportunity 没有这种用法，例如：The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我们获胜的可能性是十比一。自我测试根据句意，用 chance 和 opportunity 的适当形式填空。1. Dont let slip any _ of improving you.2. There are not many promotion _ in this company.3. I am glad to have this _ of speaking to you.4. By some strange _, we disco
7、vered the error.5. This is the _ had been waiting for.6. There was no _ in such a system for the poor.7. There is little _ of meeting him again.答案：1. opportunity 2. opportunities 3. opportunity/chance 4. chance 5. chance 6. chance 7. chance3. choose, elect, select choose, elect 和 select 这三个动词都有 “挑选”
8、、“选择” 的意思，但各自的含义和用法有所不同。 （1）choose 是普通用语，指按自己的判断力或好恶来进行挑选，挑选可以在两者、也可以在任意多者之中进行，其后接 between A and/or B, sb./sth. from sb./sth., sb./sth. as sth.。例如：Miss Li has to choose between giving up her job and/or hiring a nanny.李小姐得在放弃工作和雇用保姆之间作选择。Could you choose me a good one from among them? 劳驾给我从中挑选一个好的,行吗
9、？The students chose Gao Feng as their monitor. 学生们选高峰当班长。 （2）select 表示在选择上比 choose 要考虑得更细致，主要根据被选对象的优劣，选拔、精选出最佳或最合适者，被挑选对象一般多于两个，其后面常常接 sb./sth. (from sb./sth.), sb./sth.(as sth.)。例如：He selected an appropriate birthday card from the rack for his mother. 他从架子上给母亲挑选了一张合适的生日贺卡。Who was selected as the t
10、eam leader? 选谁出来当队长？ （3）elect指通过投票等方式正式地选出，常作 “选举”、“推选” 解，后面接sb.(to sth.), sb. (as) sth.。例如：Ms. Mendel was elected to parliament. 门德尔女士当选为议员。We elected him (as) our team leader by a show of hands. 我们通过举手的方式选举他当队长。自我测试根据句意，用choose, elect 和 select 的适当形式填空。1. My wife took a long time to _ a new dress.2
11、. They want to _ some from among them for seeds.3. There is nothing to _ between them.4. The people _ my brother as chairman.5. The girl _ the red sweater rather than the pink one.6. My wife was _ to the committee.7. Why didnt you _ a better subject for your composition?8. When people _ someone, the
12、y _ that person to represent them by voting.答案：1. choose/select 2. select 3. choose 4. elected 5. chose 6. elected 7. select 8. elect, choose4. contrary，opposite contrary 和 opposite 用作形容词，均可表示“完全相反的”。(1) contrary 一般用于表示相反的意见、计划、目的等抽象意义，有时带有矛盾或敌对的意味：What you have done is contrary to the doctors order
13、s. 你所做的与医生的指示恰好相反。Your statement is contrary to the facts. 你的陈述与事实相反。Opposite 和contrary 有时可通用：The trains go in opposite/contrary directions. 火车朝着相反的方向行驶。要表达 black 和 white, calm 和 agitate 这样成对的概念时，即这一个是另一个的反面，不可说 Whats the contrary of “calm”?而应说 Whats the opposite of “calm”? calm（镇静）的反面是什么？(2) opposi
14、te 是常用词，常指相反的位置、方向、性质、结果等静态含义，但不一定有敌对的含义。Go into that opposite room, and wait there until I come. 到对面那个房间去，在那儿等我回来。It would have just the opposite effect. 它会产生完全相反的结果。自我测试根据句意，用 contrary 和 opposite 填空。1 In England you must drive on the _ side of the road to rest of Europe.2. John and Mary sat at _ e
15、nds of the table.3. This is Number 6, so Number 13 must be on the _ side of the street.4. “Hot” and “cold” are _ term.5. The ship was delayed by _ wind.答案：1. opposite 2. opposite 3. opposite 4. contrary 5. contrary5. damage, destroy, ruin damage, destroy 和 ruin 这三个单词均表示“破坏”、“损坏”的意思，但各自的含义和用法不同。 (1)damage 指部分“损坏”、“损害”、“破坏”或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词，也可以用作名词，用作名词时常与to sth. 连用。例如：A lot of houses in t
