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1、2017/12/4,法律英语,1,Lesson Four,Judicial System,2017/12/4,法律英语,2,Good order is the foundation of all things.E.Burke, British statesman良好的秩序是一切的基础。英国政治家 伯克 E,2017/12/4,法律英语,3,Background,美国司法制度的特点：贯彻三权分立的原则，实行司法独立；法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统；联邦最高法院享有特殊的司法审查权。,2017/12/4,法律英语,4,State and Federal Courts,Throughout the
2、United States there are two judicial systems. One system consists of state and local courts established under the authority of the state governments. The other is the Supreme Court and the federal court system, created by Congress under the authority of the Constitution of the United States.,2017/12
3、/4,法律英语,5,美国联邦法院,2017/12/4,法律英语,6,2017/12/4,法律英语,7,The U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington D. C.,2017/12/4,法律英语,8,The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 美国联邦巡回法庭的上诉法庭,2017/12/4,法律英语,9,美国州法院,州最高法院终审上诉法院上诉法院中级上诉法院初审法院,州最高法院初审法院,2017/12/4,法律英语,10,Superior Courts of Georgia州高等法
4、院,2017/12/4,法律英语,11,2017/12/4,法律英语,12,美国的法官,联邦和州最高法院的法官大法官，justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官法官，judge基层法院的审判人员治安法官，justice of the peace司法官，magistrate,2017/12/4,法律英语,13,Part 1: Courts,Fifty-two separate court systems in the U.S.52个独立的法院系统,Fifty states,District of Columbia,Federal court system,2017/12/4,法律英语,14,The
5、federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the US. Constitution, 联邦法院不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是由美国宪法授权的独立、并列的系统。,2017/12/4,法律英语,15,Federalism 联邦制度,The presence of two parallel court system often raises questions concerning the relationship of the
6、 state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism.两种并列的法院系统的存在经常带来州与联邦系统关系的问题，提出了重要的联邦制度问题。,2017/12/4,法律英语,16,The U.S. Supreme Court,The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的
7、发言权。,2017/12/4,法律英语,17,Two-tiered system 两级审判制Nebraska 内布拉斯加,Three-tiered system 三级审判制,Trial court初审法院,Two levels of appeal两级上诉,Any litigant,2017/12/4,法律英语,18,In the federal system,Trial court(初审法院)the U.S. District Court (94)美国地区法院Intermediate appellate courtsThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Feder
8、al Circuit美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院(11+2)The U.S. Supreme Court美国最高法院,哥伦比亚特区上诉法院联邦特别法院的巡回法院,2017/12/4,法律英语,19,11 districts,2017/12/4,法律英语,20,Various specialized tribunals,US Bankruptcy Court, US Armed Forces Court of Appeals, US Court of International Trade, US Tax Court，US Claims Court,2017/12/4,法律英语,21,Each c
9、ourt of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies.每个上诉法院都有4个或更多法官，他们组成3人小组，审议地区法院的裁决和行政机关的一些决定。,2017/12/4,法律英语,22,A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to obtain
10、review by the United States Supreme Court.在上诉法院败诉的诉讼人有时可以取得美国联邦最高法院的复审。,2017/12/4,法律英语,23,Cases in the state courts,2017/12/4,法律英语,24,Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.从1988年开始，最高法
11、院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都作为权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。,2017/12/4,法律英语,25,The highest court play different role,CaliforniaOnly criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable to the state supreme.,New yorkA great of many cases are appealable to the states highest court.,2017/12/4,
12、法律英语,26,In the federal courts, except in a few very limited circumstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari.在联邦法院，除了极个别情况外，通过调案复审令，向美国最高法院的上诉是自由决定的。,2017/12/4,法律英语,27,The court 联邦最高法院,Decides what are the most important questions that deserve its at
13、tention .哪些是值得其关注的最重要的问题。Will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not as crucial.将拒绝复审它认为不是至关重要问题的裁决。,2017/12/4,法律英语,28,It supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis. 联邦最高法院按照特殊的原则监督较低层次法院对法律的管理。,2017/12/4,法律英语,29,In New York,Appeals to the st
14、ates highest courtare as right in a great many cases provided for by statute.在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到州最高法院是法律赋予的权利。,Assure that cases are correctly decided,2017/12/4,法律英语,30,Part 2:Judges,Fewer than 1/20 - federal ,state, county, municipal court judge在从事法律职业的人中，不到1/20的人担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。Be required to be admitt
15、ed to practice but do not practice while on the bench.被要求具有开业律师资格，但在担任法官期间不得开业。,2017/12/4,法律英语,31,Three salient characteristics,The ranks from which judges are drawn提拔法官的队伍The method of their selection挑选律师的方法Their tenure律师的任期,2017/12/4,法律英语,32,Judges are drawn from the practicing bar, less frequentl
16、y from government service or the teaching profession.法官主要从执业律师中选拔，很少从政府公务员或教师中选拔。,2017/12/4,法律英语,33,The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career.那些杰出的年轻法学毕业生，作为为联邦和州法院最著名的法官工作了一两年的法律职员，只是获得了实践经验的报偿，而没有得到从事司法职业的承诺。,
