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1、Introduction to Biochemistry,WANG Zhao Email: Mobile phone:18745490737,Department of biochemistry and molecular biology School of basic science of medicine, Jiamusi university,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,2,What Is Biochemistry?,“The chemistry of the living cell.” Describes the processes of life at the level
2、 of molecules. Has components of both biology and chemistry. Need an understanding of the biological function of cellular molecules. Need knowledge of chemical structures of the participating molecules.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,3,Why Study Biochemistry?,Biochemistry provides a fundamental understanding o
3、f life. Assists in our understanding of medicine, health, and nutrition. Biochemical discoveries will advance biotechnology-the application of biological cells, cell components, and biological processes to technically useful operations.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,4,History of Biochemistry,Early studies in
4、biology had firm roots in philosophy and religion. Studies concentrated on treatment of illness and attainment of good health. Fourth century B.C.-Chinese believed humans contained five elements: water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. Early Greeks-explained the body in terms of cosmological theories a
5、nd used diet for the treatment of disease.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,5,History of Biochemistry,Arabic biology - greatly influenced by early Greek scientific literature and advanced Greek pharmaceutical recipes by determining and classifying the strength and chemical nature of natural drugs. Europe - Parac
6、elsus (1493-1541 A.D.) had revolutionary ideas about medicine and biology. 17th and 18th century biologists - had a more molecular approach to the study of biological material and processes. 19th century used vitalism to describe any biological process that could not be understood in chemical terms.
7、,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,6,Modern Biochemistry,Two distinct paths led to current understanding: 1st path - physical sciences used to emphasize the structural characteristics of biomolecules. Basic laws of physics and chemistry are used to explain the processes of living cells. 20th century Linus Pauling
8、 used X-ray crystallography to study protein structures. 2nd path the study of cell organization and function by biologists, physiologists, and geneticists. 1952 two paths converged when double helix structure for DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,7,Boyer, 1999,
9、2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,8,Elements in Biomolecules,Over 100 chemical elements only about 28 occur naturally in plants and animals. Three categories for elements found in biological material: 1: Elements found in bulk form and are essential for life: C, H, O, N, P, S (make up 92% of the dry weight of liv
10、ing things). 2: Elements found in trace quantities and very likely essential for life: Ca, Mn, Fe, I. 3: Trace elements that may be essential for life: As, Br, Mo.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,9,Elements in Biomolecules,Biomolecules vary in their chemical structure and reactivity based on the chemical elemen
11、ts that are combined with them.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,10,Biological Macromolecules,Three major classes of natural macromolecules found in biological cells: nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. All macromolecules are polymers.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,11,Biological Macromolecules,Nucleic acids hete
12、ropolymers composed of nucleotides. Proteins heteropolymers produced by joining together amino acids. Polysaccharides composed of many saccharide molecules.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,12,Supramolecular Assemblies,Organized clusters of macromolecules. Cell membranes: complexes of proteins and lipids. Chroma
13、tin: complexes of DNA and proteins. Ribosomes: complexes of RNA and proteins. Viruses: single DNA or RNA molecule contained in a protein package.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,13,Cells,Fundamental unit of life. Living cells contain compounds representing all three states of matter (gases, liquids, and solids)
14、. Three basic classifications of organisms: Eukaryotes (distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus and well-defined internal compartments) Prokaryotes (simple, unicellular organisms with no distinct nucleus or internal cellular compartments) Archaebacteria (thrive in extreme environments),2019/5/24,WANG Zha
15、o,14,Flow of Biological Information,DNA Signal transduction the presence of a molecule outside of the cell which relays a command to an interior cell component.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,15,Boyer, 1999,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,16,DNA and RNA,Structural and functional elements. Biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. Tran
16、slation of RNA. Recombinant DNA technology and their applications.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,17,Biomolecules in Water,Typical cell contains 70 to 85% water. Water can be used as a solvent or as a reactant molecule. Hydrolysis breaking of a chemical bond by water. All biomolecules are not soluble in water. Organisms create membranes from water insoluble molecules.,2019/5/24,WANG Zhao,18,Properties of water,Polarity Hydrogen bonding potential High specific heat
