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1、Unit Ten,Significant Events of the UK and the USA,英美概况 主编：齐智英,Contents,英美概况 主编：齐智英,Unit Ten,10.1 Significant Events Before World War I 10.1. 1 Significant Events in the UK Before World War I The Magna Carta King Johns reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a do
2、cument, known as Mangna Carta, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the kings powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. The Great Charter contained three sets of
3、provisions: a) that the king was not to exact extra payments from the feudal vassals (or towns) without their consent; b) that laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king; and c) that should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king t
4、o obey it, by civil war or otherwise.,Unit Ten,The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War was a prolonged conflict between two royal houses for the French throne, vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The two primary contenders were the House of Valois, and the Hou
5、se of Plantagenet. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France, while the Plantagenets from England claimed to be Kings of France and England. The Plantagenet Kings in England, also known as the House of Anjou, had their roots in the French regions of Anjou and Normandy. French soldiers
6、fought on both sides, with Burgundy and Aquitaine providing notable support for the Plantagenet side. The conflict lasted 116 years from 1337 to 1453. The war was punctuated by several brief periods of peace, and two lengthy periods of peace, before it finally ended in the expulsion of the Plantagen
7、ets from France ( except the Calais Pale). Subtracting the two long periods of peace of 13601369 and 13891415, the war was fought for about 81 years.,Unit Ten,The war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (13371360), the Caroline War (
8、13691389), the Lancastrian War (14151429), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc (14121431). Several other contemporary European conflicts were directly related to the conflict between England and France: the Breton War of Succession, the Castilian Civil War, a
9、nd the War of the Two Peters. The term “Hundred Years War” was a later term invented by historians to describe the series of events.,Unit Ten,The war owes its historical significance to a number of factors. Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and Englis
10、h nationality. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the
11、peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare. In France, the English invasion, civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines and marauding mercenary armies turned to banditry reduced the population b
12、y two-thirds.,Unit Ten,The Wars of the Roses Two years after the Hundred Years War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, the Wars of the Roses (14551487). The Wars were a series of dynastic civil wars fought between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York. The war
13、 got such a name because the Lancastrians1 wore badges of red roses and the Yorkists2 wore the badges of white roses. During the Hundred Years War many war-like nobles had been fighting in France. They all had large bands of soldiers. When they returned back to England after the war, they wanted to
14、gain power and wealth. As a result, two most influential rivals were formed: the family of Lancaster and the family of York.,Unit Ten,Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of Lancastrian King Henry VI and Richard, Duke of York, head of the rival House of York, the first o
15、pen fighting broke out in 1455 and resumed more violently in 1459. Henry was captured and Richard became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne. Inspired by Henrys Queen, Margaret of Anjou, the Lancastrians resumed the conflict, and Richard was killed in the battle at the e
16、nd of 1460. His eldest son was proclaimed King Edward IV after a crushing victory at the Battle of Towton early in 1461. After several years of minor Lancastrian revolts, Edward fell out with his chief supporter and advisor, the Earl of Warwick (known as the “Kingmaker”), who tried first to supplant him with his jealous younger brother George, and then to restore Henry VI to the throne. This resulted in two years of rapid changes of fortune, before Edward IV once again won
