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1、Unit Three,The Beginnings of the UK and the USA,英美概况 主编：齐智英,Contents,英美概况 主编：齐智英,Unit Three,3.1 The Beginnings of the UK The British history is usually dealt with from the Celts invasion of the island because they shaped the Scottish, Irish and Welsh races and cultures. But before this it is said th
2、at there was the Iberians arrival from the Mediterranean. This party deals with the period from the coming of the Iberians to the establishment of the first House in England the House of Normandy. The Native Celts Ecologists and historians have found evidence to prove that many centuries ago Britain
3、 was part of the European Continent. It was later washed off by sea water and became an island. Much of the research into the origin of the earliest natives on this piece of land has to be based on guesswork for the lack of written history. To make the matter simple, we just take the Celts as the na
4、tives who were later also called the Britons.,Unit Three,From about 750 B.C. the Celtic tribes who had crossed from Europe in search of empty lands began to settle in the country. The first to come were Gaels, whose language is still spoken in Scotland. From about 500 B.C. another group of the Celts
5、 called Britons1, from whom the modern Welsh are mainly descended, arrived and drove the Gaels to north. The third group came around 100 B.C. from Gaul. The Celts created their own civilization of which the most shining example was the historical stonehenge in Wiltshire. The stonehenge, still in exi
6、stence now, was a circular arrangement of monoliths built by the ancient Britons for purposes still unknown to modern historians. The Celtic language didnt disappear completely, either. Some of the Celtic words or sounds were later assimilated into the English language. Some people in Scotland and W
7、ales now still speak a language of Celtic origin.,Unit Three,The Roman Invasion It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France and they, perhaps, offered some help in the struggle to resist Julius Caesar2 when he invaded France. The Roman army, commanded by
8、Julius Caesar, invaded England in the first century B.C. .In the first century A.D., the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Because of the resistance of the English people, he returned to the continent with hostages, having imposed a small tribute. For 96
9、 years after the nominal conquest by Julius Caesar, Britain was left in peace and freedom.,Unit Three,The Anglo-Saxon Conquest The northern tribes began to come to England from the continent in the middle of the fifth century. They were the Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. They were ag
10、gressive rovers and pirates ready to plunder or to fight. To them the Britons turned for assistance. They asked the newcomers to join in the war against their fierce neighbors. The result was a victory for the combined Britons and Anglo-Saxons.,Unit Three,After the war was over, the Britons thought
11、that the Anglo-Saxons would go away rejoicing. But they refused to leave, soon after, their relative and friends came trooping after them and this process continued for more than one hundred years. By the time the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England and the movement,
12、known in history as the Anglo-Saxons Conquest, was completed. But we must bear in mind that these Germanic people never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts. The Anglo-Saxons mainly occupied the Lowland Zone and late
13、r spread their control a wider area. If you read Hardy, you will learn of the place historically known as Wessex (West Saxon). Names as Sussex, Essex and East Anglia are all derived from their Anglo-Saxons settlers. These new invaders had brought along their language which was called Old English, th
14、e language of the Angles. This was the Old English period in English history.,Unit Three,Unit Three,The Invasion of the Vikings and the Danish Rule Around the turn of the eighth century northern warriors, called the Vikings3, invaded England. When their land was almost completely lost, the Saxons we
15、re saved by the courage of King Alfred of Wessex, who defeated the Danes through many great battles. He also forced the Danes to accept Christianity. Alfred was considered the first national hero. Alfreds successors failed to continue what had been started by Alfred. Taking advantage of the situatio
16、n, more Danes came and set about taking possession of the entire country. As a result, more invaders came, taking the throne at last. The weak English king had to take to his heel for his life. A Danish king took the throne and began to rule England. The Danish king did not rule England for long. An Englishman, named Edward, was then put upon the throne in 1042. Edward was a pious Christian and he retained a position in history by building Westminster Abbey in which he was buried
