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1、专题十一 阅读理解,考纲考点扫描点击查看,【考题探究】 阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中考查的重点。 研读高考真题，我们会总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨概括设问的形式一般是：,主旨大意题,1.The main idea of the passage(text) is_. 2.The text (passage)is mainly about_. 3.What does the passage mainly d
2、iscuss (deal with)? 4.Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea? 5.The main point of the passage is_. 6.The best headline for this newspaper article would be_. 7.Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?,8.What is the topic of the text? 9.The main purpo
3、se of the story is to tell us_. 10.The conclusion we can get from the story is _. 大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly，main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就能仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。,【方法指导】 文章(或段落)的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。 1.主题句在篇(段)首的结构 这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别(特殊)的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说
4、明。,Jane Clark，fair-haired，blue-eyed and tough as steel，has just won the most difficult race in the world.In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge(雪橇)across 1，050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world.In bitter(刺骨的) winds and snowstorms she drove
5、 her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached 38.When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race，she said，“I still cant believe it.”She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs.David Wilson，who came second，said，“It sure hurts when a you
6、ng woman is ahead of you.But it doesnt hurt for long.She was a good winner.”,Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A.Woman wins the worlds toughest race! B.Woman fights bitter winds and snowstorms! C.Woman wins a sledge race in the world! D.Woman drives a dog tea
7、m across the Arctic! 解析 这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不容易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。 答案 A,2.主题句在末尾的结构 尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。 On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to
8、 see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror，breaking into pieces.Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time!,What is the main point the writer is try
9、ing to make in the last paragraph? A.The roller skates needed further improvement. B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool. C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation. D.Merlin got himself into trouble. 解析 这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。 答案 C,3.主题句在中间
10、的结构 有些主题句既不在篇(段)首，也不在篇(段)尾，而是处于篇章(或段落)的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。 这类结构包括三个层次：引题主题思想解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳结论演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例：,When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can，the ball reaches a point where it seems to p
11、ause for a moment，and then it comes down.When a bullet(子弹)is shot straight up，it will travel much faster and higher than a ball，but it，too，will come down.Whatever_goes_up_must_come_down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far an
12、d long.Yet it does not stay up forever.Finally，like everything else，the plane must come down. 本段文字中下画线的这句话就是主题句。其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。,4.没有主题句的结构 没有主题句的篇章(或段落)，并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1，000 people bitten(
13、咬)by snakes.“It was seeing people with snake bites(伤口)that led me to this career，”he said. In 1963，after his army service，Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine.As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arm
14、s and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.,I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no t
15、ime he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rushing home he shouted，“Bring me the knife.” Minutes later the man lost his arm forever. “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.,The best h
16、eadline(标题)for this newspaper article is _. A.Astonishing Medicine B.Farmer Loses Arm C.Dangerous Bites D.Snake Doctor 解析 文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以标题为D。 答案 D,总之，正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。,要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的写作方式。一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的短语。 比如某一文章的中心句子
