《基础护理学-给药2课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《基础护理学-给药2课件（35页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、给 药 (二),Medications (two),FACTORS AFFECTING MEDICATION ACTION A number of factors other than the drug itself can affect its action. A person may not respond in the same manner to successive doses of a drug. In addition, the identical drug and dosage may affect different clients differently.,1.Develo
2、pmental Factors During pregnancy women must be very careful about taking medications. Infants usually require small dosages because of their body size and the immaturity of their organs, especially the liver and kidneys. Older adults have different responses to medications due to physiologic changes
3、 that accompany aging.,2.Gender Differences in the way men and women respond to drugs are chiefly related to the distribution of body fat and fluid and hormonal differences. 3.Cultural, Ethnic, and Genetic Factors Recent research has indicated ethnicity and culture may contribute to differences in r
4、esponses to medications.,4.Diet Nutrients can affect the action of a medication. 5.Environment The clients environment can affect the action of drugs, particularly those used to alter behavior and mood.,6.Psychologic Factors A clients expectations about what a drug can do can affect the response to
5、the medication. 7.Illness and disease Illness and disease can also affect the action of drugs. 8.Time of Administration The time of administration of oral medications affects the relative speed with which they act.,ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION Pharmaceutical preparations are generally designed for one o
6、r two specific routes of administration. The route of administration should be indicated when the drug is ordered. When administering a drug, the nurse should ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the route specified.,1.Oral Oral administration is the most common, least expen
7、sive, and most convenient route for most clients. In oral administration, the drug is swallowed. Because the skin is not broken as it is for an injection, oral administration is also a safe method.,The major disadvantages are possibly unpleasant taste of the drugs, irritation of the gastric mucosa,
8、irregular absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, slow absorption, and in some cases, harm to the clients teeth.,2.Sublingual In sublingual administration a drug is placed under the tongue, where it dissolves (Figure 33-2). In a relatively short time, the drug is largely absorbed into the blood
9、vessels on the underside of the tongue. The medication should not be swallowed. Nitroglycerin is one example of a drug commonly given in this manner.,3.Buccal Buccal means “pertaining to the cheek.” In buccal administration, a medication (eg, a tablet) is held in the mouth against the mucous membran
10、es of the cheek until the drug dissolves (Figure 33-3). The drug may act locally on the mucous membranes of the mouth or systemically when it is swallowed in the saliva.,4.Parenteral Parenteral administration is administration other than through the alimentary tract; that is, by needle. The followin
11、g are some of the more common routes for parenteral administration:,Subcutaneous (hypodermic): into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin Intramuscular: into a muscle Intradermal: under the epidermis (into the dermis) Intravenous: into a vein,5.Topical Topical applications are those applied t
12、o a circumscribed surface area of the body. They affect only the area to which they are applied. Topical applications include the following:,Dermatologic preparations: applied to the skin Instillations and irrigations: applied into body cavities or orifices, such as the urinary bladder, eyes, ears,
13、nose, rectum, or vagina Inhalations: administered into the respiratory tract by a nebulizer or positive pressure breathing apparatus. Air, oxygen, and vapor are generally used to carry the drug into the lungs. See Chapter 47.,Essential Parts of a Drug Order Full name of the client Date and time the
14、order is written Name of the drug to be administered Dosage of the drug Route of administration Frequency of administration Signature of the person writing the order,ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS SAFELY The nurse should always assess a clients health status and obtain a medication history prior to givin
15、g any medication.,The medication history includes information about the drugs the client is taking currently or has taken recently. An important part of the history is clients knowledge of their drug allergies. Also included in the history are the clients normal eating habits. Any problems the clien
16、t may have in self-administering a medication must also be identified.,Clinical guidelines for administering medications 1.Nurses who administer medications are responsible for their own actions. Question any order that you consider incorrect. 2.Be knowledgeable about medications you administer. 3.Federal laws govern the uses of narcotics and barbiturates. Keep these medications in a locked place.,4.Use only medicatio
