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1、Introduction of the nervous system 神经系统总论,郑州大学医学院解剖教研室,Functions,控制和调节其它系统的活动，使人体成为一个有机的整体。 维持机体与外环境间的统一。 不仅能适应环境，还能主观改造世界。,Divisions,Central nervous system (CNS) 1. Brain （脑） 2. Spinal cord （脊髓） Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial n. （脑神经 12 pairs) Spinal n. (脊神经 31 pairs) Somatic n. （躯体神经） Vis
2、ceral n. （内脏神经）,构造,神经组织,神经元 神经胶,胶质细胞比神经元多数十倍，具有支持保护营养绝缘和屏障等功能 少突胶质细胞-中枢 星形胶质细胞 类型 施万细胞 -周围 小胶质(巨噬)细胞 室管膜细胞,Neuron,胞体：3135um 突起：树突：多个 轴突：1um1m,.2-20um 髓鞘Schwan C,Silver Stain,Nissl Stain,按形态分类 双极神经元 假单极神经元 极神经元 按功能分类 感觉神经元 运动神经元 联络神经元 按递质分类 胆碱能神经元 单胺能神经元 氨基酸、肽能神经元,Classification,Synapses,Transmission
3、 Pattern,Chemical Electric,Neuron Region,Axodendritic Dendrodendritic Axosomatic Somatosomatic,Axoplasmic Flow,Reflex Arc,机体接受内外界环境的刺激 作出的应答性反应,常用术语,网状结构,脊神经节,神经,Spinal nerve general intyoduction 脊神经总论,郑州大学医学院解剖教研室,General description,Functional components,1. Somatic efferent nerve fibers 躯体传出纤维(SE)
4、: fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to skeletal muscles. 2. Visceral efferent nerve fibers内脏传出纤维(VE): fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands. 3. Somatic afferent nerve fibers躯体传入纤维(SA): fibers that transmit exteroceptive a
5、nd proprioceptive impulses from body to spinal cord 4. Visceral afferent nerve fibers内脏传入纤维(VA): fibers that transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to spinal cord,Branches of spinal nerves,The Spinal Nerves,郑州大学医学院解剖教研室,一、Cervical plexus 颈丛,Formation: anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves P
6、osition: lies in front of the origin of levator scapulae and scalenus medius and deep to the superior part of the sternocleidomastoid 分支： 1、皮支 2、肌支,Cutaneous branches,Emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp 枕小神经 耳大神经 颈横神经 锁骨上神经,Muscular branc
7、hes,supply the deep muscles of neck Phrenic nerve anterior rami of C3-C5 to diaphragm (motor and sensory) Descends over scalenus anterior to enter thorax Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and
8、 biliary system.,Phrenic nerve,二、Brachial plexus 臂丛,Formation: Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves Position: Passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords,Main branche,正中神经 内、外侧束发出 伴肱动脉,沿肱二头肌内侧缘下行 穿旋前圆肌 指浅、深屈肌
9、之间 前臂前群 6 块半 ( 除肱桡、尺侧腕屈、指深屈尺侧半) 穿腕管进入手掌 返支-鱼际肌 (除拇收肌) 1 、2 蚓状肌 指掌侧总N-桡侧手掌2/3 和3个半指,肌皮神经 外侧束发出 穿喙肱肌 肱二头肌与肱肌之间下行 臂肌前群 肘关节外上方浅出 前臂外侧皮下 前臂外侧皮神经,尺神经 内侧束发出 向后穿臂内侧 经尺神经沟 肌间隔 尺侧腕屈肌 和指深屈肌尺侧半 经腕管表面入掌 除正中支配外的手肌 深支-拇收, 3.4蚓状, 骨间,小鱼际 浅支-尺侧手掌1/3 和1个半指 手背支-手背尺侧半 和尺侧 2半指,桡神经 后束发出 肱三头肌 肱肌和肱二头肌 之间进入肘窝 深支前臂深肌+ 肱桡肌 浅支绕
10、至手背桡侧 手背桡侧半和2个半指,腋神经 后束发出 伴旋肱后动脉 穿四边孔三角肌深面 三角和小圆肌 三角肌后缘中点浅出 肩、臂外上1/3 皮肤,1、Musculocutaneous nerve,2、Median nerve,除肱桡肌（桡神经）、尺侧腕屈肌、指深屈肌尺侧半（尺神经） 以外所有前臂前群肌 鱼际肌（拇收肌尺神经） 1、2蚓状肌 旋前肌综合征 腕管综合征 损伤表现:猿掌,3、Ulnar nerve,尺侧腕屈肌 指深屈肌尺侧半 拇收肌 小鱼际 骨间肌 3.4蚓状肌 损伤表现:爪形手,4、Radial,C5-T1 后束 肱三头肌 肱桡肌 前臂后群肌 损伤表现:垂腕,5、Axillary,臂
11、丛后束腋神经四边孔三角肌、小圆肌、肩和臂外侧皮肤 损伤：肩不能外展 肩部骨突起-方肩 三角肌区皮肤感觉障碍,三、Thoracic nerves,Intercostal nerves (anterior rami of T1- T11) Subcostal nerve (anterior ramus of T12) Distribution: distributed to intercostales and anterolateral abdominal muscles, skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and perit
12、oneum,胸神经前支,T2 Sternal angle T4 Nipple T6 Xiphoid process T8 Costal arch T10 Umbilicus T12 Midpoint between umbilicus and symphysis pubis,四、Lumbar plexus,Formation: formed by anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12and L4 Position: lies within substance of psoas major,Branches,Iliohypo
13、gastric Ilioinguinal Lateral femoral cutaneous Femoral Obturator Genitofemoral,五、Sacral plexus 骶丛,Formation: formed by anterior rami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis
14、,Branches,臀上神经 臀下神经 股后皮神经 阴部神经 坐骨神经,Sciatic nerve,Leaves pelvis through infrapiriform foramen to enter gluteal region runs inferiorly laterally deep to gluteus maximus passing midway between the greater trochanter of femur and ischial tuberosity to back of thigh lying deep to long head of biceps fem
15、oris normally divided into tibial and common peroneal nerves just above popliteal fossa; innervates semitendinosus semimembranosus and biceps femoris and has articular branches to hip and knee joints,Tibial nerve,Decends through popliteal fossa and lies on popliteus then runs inferiorly with posteri
16、or tibial vessels and terminates beneath flexor retinaculum by dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves supplies posterior muscles of leg and knee joint,Common peroneal nerve,The Cranial Nerves,郑州大学医学院解剖教研室,学习方法,名称 神经核性质 连脑部位 出入颅部位 主要分支 分支分布,Names of cranial nerves, Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducent nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Ac
