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1、,Mouth,Pharynx,Esophagus,Stomach,Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum,Large intestine,Liver,Pancreas,Major salivary glands,Alimentary System,Anus,Pharynx,General features A fibromuscular tube, part of digestive and respiratory systems Extends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage (lower b
2、order of C6 level) Three segments Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx,Pharynx,Nasopharynx Position Posterior to nasal cavities Extends from the base of skull to the level of free border of palatine velum Features Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Tubal torus Pharyngeal recess Tubal tonsil Pharyn
3、geal tonsil,Pharynx,Oropharynx Position Posterior to oral cavity Extends from free border of palatine velum to the level of upper border of epiglottis Features Median glossoepiglottic fold Epiglottic vallecula Palatine tonsil Lies within tonsillar fossa,Tonsillitis,Tonsil inflammation,Pharynx,Laryng
4、opharynx Position Posterior to larynx Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6 Piriform recess A deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx common side for lodgement of foreign bodies (for example, fish bones),Pharynx,Lymphatic ring of pharynx Forming a circ
5、ular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmu Consists of Pharyngeal tonsil tubal tonsil Palatine tonsil lingual tonsil,Esophagus,General features A muscular tuber about 25cm long Connecting the pharynx at level of inferior border of vertebra C6 Passes through the diaphragm at level of verteb
6、ra T10 Ends at the cardia of the stomach, opposite vertebra T11 Division Cervical part: 5cm Thoracic part: 18-22cm Abdominal part: 1-2cm,Esophagus, Three constrictions 1. Where it beginning, 15cm from incisors, lies at level of inferior border of C6, is the narrowest part of the esophagus 2. Where i
7、t is crossed by left principal bronchus, 25cm from incisors, lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5. 3. Where it pierces the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, 40cm from incisors, at level of T10,Stomach,Shape Two surface: anterior and posterior Two curvatures Lesser curvature of stomac
8、h short, concave and directed to the right and upward near its lower part is angular incisure Greater curvature of stomach long, convex and directed to the left and downward at the junction of left margin of esophagus and greater curvature is cardiac incisure Two openings Cardia Pylorus Two incisure
9、,Stomach,Four parts Cardiac part Fundus of stomach（ cardiac incisure ） Body of stomach （angular incisure） Pyloric part Pyloric antrum Pyloric canal,Stomach,Location Mainly parts is situated in the left hypochondriac region Small in the epigastric region The cardia is situated to the left of T11, the
10、 pylorus lies to the right of L1.,Stomach,Structure of stomach wall consists of four usual layers Mucous membrane Submucous ( loose areolar tissue connecting the mucous and muscular layer) Muscular layer contains: Innermost oblique fibres Inner circular fibres Sphincter of pylorus Pyloric valve The
11、most superficial longitudinal fibers Serous (visceral peritoneum),Stomach,Variations in position of stomach,Duodenum,first and widest part of small intestine extends from pylorus to duodenojejunal flexure approximately 25cm long and 4-5 cm in diameter C-shaped and moulded around head of pancreas ret
12、roperitoneal, except for a small segment (1-3 cm) at the beginning common bile duct and pancreatic ductsopen into the second part,General features,Duodenum,Four parts 1. Superior part Duodenal bulb Superior duodenal flexure 2. Descending part Inferior duodenal flexure 3. Horizontal part 4. Ascending
13、 part Duodenojejunal flexure,Descending part Longitudinal fold of duodenum Major duodenal papilla common opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct 75cm from incisors Minor duodenal papilla,Duodenum,Duodenum,Suspensory muscle of duodenum and Suspensory lig. of duodenum (lig. of Treitz) a su
14、rgical landmark, descends from the right crus of diaphragm to duodenal termination.,Jejunum and ileum,Jejunum and Ileum,Meckels diverticulum Persistence of proximal portion of yolk sac Common malformation of digestive tract (24%) ， more prevalent in males About 25cm long and located 30100cm from ile
15、ocecal valve Usually asymptomatic but: May become inflamed (mimicking appendicitis) or bleed,Jejunum and Ileum,Large Intestine,Approximately 1.5m long, Five parts: Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon Rectum Anal canal,Colic bands Haustra of colon Epiploic appendices,Large Intestine,Features ,Cecum,Positi
16、on lies in right iliac fossa Shape: Blind sac, first part of large intestine, with largest diameter and thinnest wall The ileum enters the cecum obliquely, and partially invaginates into it, forming the ileocecal valve Consists of two folds Probably delays flow of ileal contents into large intestine,Vermiform appendix,Blind worm-like tube, 5-1.0cm in diameter Opens into posteromedial aspect of cecum,
