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1、Unit Nine,The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas,Ursula Le Guin,Variations on a Theme by William James,1) To familiarize students with allegorical writings. 2) To familiarize students with science fiction. 3) To discuss the topic “what is happiness and on what real happiness depends”,Teaching Aims,- bor
2、n in Berkeley, California. - Bachelor of Arts degree at Radcliff College - M.A. from Columbia university, in 1952. - awarded a Fulbright fellowship to study in France. Now lives in Portland, Oregon. science fiction writer : 16 novels, 4 collections of poetry, 10 childrens books, several screenplays
3、and more. A Wizard of Earthsea (1968), The Tombs of Atuan (1971),The Farthest Shore (1972),The Dispossessed (1974), The Beginning Place (1980) She uses science fiction to explore contemporary issues, saying “ Science fiction allows me to help people get out of their cultural skins and into the skins
4、 of other beingsin science fiction you are often expected to get into the skin of another person from another culture.”.,Ursula Le Guin ( 1929 - ),B. in New York City, first child of Henry James and Mary Walsh. James. An original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and p
5、hilosophy. Works by William James: The Works of William James 1975 William James: Writings 1878-1899 William James: Writings 1902-1910 The Principles of Psychology, Cambridge 1890 The Meaning of Truth 1909 Some Problems of Philosophy 1911,William James (1842 - 1910),A great many people think they ar
6、e thinking when they are merely re-arranging their prejudices. As a rule we disbelieve all the facts and theories for which we have no use. Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create the fact. Human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their mind
7、s, can change the outer aspects of their lives. The art of being wise is the art of knowing what to overlook. The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind.,Quotations by William James,Allegory lg()r (讽喻) Allegory, in literature, a
8、 symbolic story that serves as a disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface. The characters in an allergy often have no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractions. The allegory is closely related to the parable 寓言, fable
9、, and metaphor, differing from them largely in intricacy and length. A variety of literary forms have been used for allegories. The medieval morality play Everyman, personifying such abstractions as Fellowship and Good Deeds, recounts ,讲述了the death journey of Everyman. John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress
10、, a prose narrative, is an allegory of mans spiritual salvation. Spensers poem The Faerie Queen, besides being a chivalric骑士的romance, is a commentary on morals and manners in 16th-century England as well as a national epic. Although allegory is still used by some authors, its popularity as a literar
11、y form has declined in favor of a more personal form of symbolic expression.,Background of the Writing,The subtitle of the text is Variations on a theme by William James. For this, Le guin once explained it in one of her story collection The Winds Twelve Quarters”: The central idea of this psychomyt
12、h(心理小说), the scapegoat turns up in Dostoyevskys Brothers Karamazov, and several people have asked me, rather suspiciously, why I gave the credit to William James. The fact is, I havent been able to re-read Dostoyevsky, much as I loved him, since I was twenty-five, and Id simply forgotten he used the
13、 idea. But when I met it in Jamess The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life, it was with a shock of recognition.,Background of the Subtitle and “Omelas”,Of course I didnt read James and sit down and say. Now Ill write a story about that “lost soul”. It seldom works that simply. I sat down and starte
14、d a story, just because I felt like it, with nothing but the word Omelas in mind. It came from a road sigh: Salem (Oregon) backwards. Salem equals schelomo equals salaam equals Peace. Melas. O melas. Omelas. “Where do you get your ideas from, Ms Le Guin?” from forgetting Dostoyevsky and reading road
15、 signs backwards, naturally. Where else?,1) What is the type of writing? 2) What is the theme of the text? 3) How many parts can the text be divided? 4) Who are the characters , and why are they significant? 5)What is the point of view of the story?,Warming-up Discussions,In the text, Paragraph 2, 7
16、 and 13 are all cases in which the writer intrudes to direct its development. And there are many more in the text. The authors intrusive comments demonstrate her writing process clearly before readers eyes and encourage them to think actively with her. The theme of the text The theme: the nature of happiness and on what it depends.,An usual writing style,Warming-up Questions on the text 1. Describe the physical features of Omelas. 2. What was the city of O
