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1、Section Grammar & Writing名词性从句阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1What we find out from space research is important for us on Earth.2The fact that we cannot travel faster than light means that it will take a long time to reach those planets.3A lot of new information we have about space has been gathered by computers.4
2、The teacher showed us the controls of the spacecraft and explained how gravity worked.5Like every schoolboy I had thought that going into space as an astronaut must be the best job in the world.6The question people are asking is “What is the space programme going to cost”？名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句
3、。一、名词性从句的引导词引导名词性从句的连接词分为三类：1连词：that，whether，if2连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which3连接副词：when，where，how，whyThat she became an artist was due to her fathers influence.她成为画家是受了她父亲的影响。What we will do tomorrow depends on the weather.明天我们做什么得看天气。When we arrive doesnt matter. 我们什么时候到无关紧要。Wheth
4、er it will do us harm remains to be seen.它是否对我们有害还有待观察。名师点津(1)名词性从句中用陈述语序；(2)连词that，whether，if在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；(3)连接代词和连接副词在句中充当句子成分。二、主语从句1作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。Where the English evening party will be held has not yet been announced.还没有宣布英语晚会将在哪里举行。2主语从句可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后
5、的谓语动词一般用单数形式。Its a pity that he cant attend the meeting.他不能参加会议，真是遗憾。It is possible that he may not be able to come.他可能不能来了。It is said that she failed the exam.据说她考试不及格。三、宾语从句宾语从句在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语，另外，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，certain等之后也可以带宾语从句。1由连词that引导的宾语从句that引导表示陈述的宾语从句。连词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式
6、的文体中常被省去，但在以下情况中不能省略：(1)当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。The teacher told the students (that) they should hand in their homework the next day and that the homework must be signed names by their parents.老师告诉学生他们要在第二天交上作业，并且作业必须由家长签名。(2)当it作形式宾语时。She made it clear that it had nothing to do wit
7、h her.她表明这件事和她没有任何关系。名师点津在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“(should)动词原形”。I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。2who，whom，which，whose，what，when，where，why，how，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词、连接副词引导的宾语从句相当于由特殊疑问句转化而来，但应注意句子要用陈述语序。
8、She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡是需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述语序。whether与if在作“是否”讲时，在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：(1)引导主语从句并在句首时；(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时；(3)引导从句作介词宾语时；(4)后紧跟“or not”时；(5)后接动词不定式时。Everything depends on whether we have enough mone
9、y.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether or not he will come.我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能告诉我是去还是留吗？4宾语从句中的时态与主句时态的呼应当主句动词是现在时时，从句应根据具体情况使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时(could，would除外)时，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时等；但当从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象，则从句仍用一般现在时。The teacher told us that Tom had left for Amer
10、ica.老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开，去美国了。The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。5否定转移当think，believe，suppose，expect，fancy，imagine等动词的主语为第一人称，且本身为一般现在时时其后的宾语从句的否定词通常转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。其反意疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I dont believe hell come.我想他是不会来的。I dont believe that man was killed by Jim，was he?
11、我认为那个人不是吉姆杀的，对不对？6可以用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句(1)动词find，feel，consider，make，believe，think等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we(should)take plenty of hot water every day.我认为每天多喝热水是有必要的。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the gettogether.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾。(2)有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(词组)
12、主要有：hate，take，owe，have，see to。I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们在满嘴都是食物时说话。He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行。We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的。 四、表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。引导表语从句的连接词有wh疑问词，whether，that，because，as，as if，as tho
13、ugh等。The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want.那正是我想要的。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。Its just because he doesnt know her.这只是因为他不认识她。名师点津当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导。五、同位语从句1同位语从句一般跟在某些表抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。可跟同位语从句的名词通常有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，ide
14、a，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word(消息)等。The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回家。2但是当作主语的名词后跟同位语从句，且谓语较短时，为了保持句式平衡，常将同位语从句置于谓语之后。The thought came to him that Mary had pro
15、bably fallen ill.他想到玛丽可能生病了。名师点津同位语从句和定语从句的区别(1)定语从句是先行词的修饰语，对先行词进行修饰或限定，但它不涉及先行词的具体内容。that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，并在从句中充当句子成分(主语或宾语)，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；(2)同位语从句表明中心词的具体内容。that引导同位语从句时，只起连接作用，没有具体词义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句：I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句，表明idea的具体内容，不能省略)我不知道你在这里。Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？(that引导定语从句，修饰先行词idea，在从句中充当宾语，可以省略)你了解这本书中所展示的古希腊生活吗？六、whatever，whoever引导名词性从句的用法whatever，whoever可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语和表语等。在此用法中，whatever，w
