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1、SECTION II,From the Spiritual World to the Secular World: Changing Concepts of the Body,Mechikoff & Estes, A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education, Fourth Edition 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900-1400,Chapter
2、 5,General History,Dark Ages: After fall of Rome (476 A.D.) until 900 A.D. Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) From 900 A.D. to beginning of Italian Renaissance (14th century) Views of sport Ranged from athletic feats of knights, to sport in preparation for crusades, to ascetic views of monks,Dark Ages
3、,Collapse of Rome and the beginning of the Dark Ages caused utter chaos Many people fled cities to seek protection from powerful aristocrats Commerce, trade, and public administration developed by Rome essentially vanished during the Dark Ages,Dark Ages,Dark Ages civilization regressed into kingdoms
4、 Similar to tribal societies Europe became feudalistic Castles and walled cities designed by desperate people for protection,Impact of Christianity,Judaism and Islam profoundly impacted Europe Not to the extent of Christianity Christian churchonly institution left intact after the fall of the Roman
5、Empire Provided a symbol of stability and order amidst fear Christianity spread throughout the ruins of the Roman Empire,Christian Church,Impact of Christianity,Theology of the church: Epistemology: based on absolute faith and belief in the certainty of the divine revelation Divine revelation: God d
6、irectly reveals truth through prayer and scripture The promise of heaven to all who followed its teachings Looked good to people of Dark and Middle Ages,Christianity and Greek Philosophy,Medieval philosophers didnt have access to many literary sources Greek works, especially Plato and Aristotle Plat
7、o and Aristotle interested in similar metaphysical questions as Christianity: Existence of soul Personification and belief in God Nature of being, system of ethics,Christianity and Greek Philosophy,Not all Christians were eager to embrace the merging of Christianity with Greek philosophy Tertullian:
8、 demanded bodily mortification Opposed recognizing the pagan Greek philosophy He and his followers were in the minority Platonism: endorsed by Christian thinkers as intellectual preparation for Christianity,Christianity and Greek Philosophy,Christian theologians Attempted to “wed” philosophy with th
9、eology Developed philosophical proofs to support theological beliefs Scholastics: Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, etc. Philosophy and theology have different starting points Philosophy is based on reasoned inquiry Theology is based on faith,Philosophical positions of the body,Biblical Jesus: perfection
10、in body, mind, and soul Philosophical positions of the body emerged from theology God created universe, men/women, mind/body Implied the body and the soul were good Metaphysics/ontology became confused during medieval debates Debate over nature of Jesus body contributed to splitting of Christianity,
11、Philosophical Positions of the Body,Orthodox: rejected idea that body was evil Christian concept of the body Merging of Eastern Orthodox theology and Greek philosophy Bubonic plague: devastated Europe (fourteenth century) Millions died Church: plague was a sign from God Body was “Messenger of Death”
12、,Philosophical Positions of the Body,Plague tended to change Medieval view of the body “Scholastics” would disagree with this position,Philosophical Positions of the Body: Middle Ages,Ontology became confused Ascetic dualism: blended Platonic philosophy, Christian history, and other religious though
13、t Sought to purify the soul Denied all pleasure Eastern Orthodox church formed an ascetic ordermonks Scholastics: saw close relationship between the mind and the body,Thomas Aquinas,St. Thomas Aquinas (12251274) Embraced physical fitness and recreation as positive for promoting social and moral well
14、-being Said that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of the individual Believed that we can know things through our bodies as well as through our mind Thought the mind was superior to the body,Thomas Aquinas,Agreed with Aristotle Man is an integral composite of body and soul S
15、oul needs a body to acquire knowledge. Scholastics: were among the first to establish philosophical and religious justification for the body Valued physical fitness and recreation for physical, mental, social, moral well-being God is omnipresent and therefore in the body Did not believe that body wa
16、s a “messenger of death”,Maimonides, St. Bonaventure,Maimonides: Jewish physician “Nothing is more useful for the preservation of health than physical exercise“ St. Bonaventure: Scholastic Body does not imprison the soul Is a friend and companion Individual exists as union of body and soul,Holidays and Ball Games,Peasant (serf) life was particularly difficult Owned home but worked land as rent for protection Recreation: only on Sunday after church Serfs participated in games and amuse
