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1、SCALING UP: DEFINITIONS, MODELS, AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS,Julian A. Lapitan and Mark A. Bell,1 of 19,There are numerous sustainable agriculture (SA) initiatives and experiences promoted by NGOs and other institutions that have led to greater food self-sufficiency, environmental preservation, and incom
2、e security to thousands of farming families; Successful SA initiatives need to be scaled up to spread their benefits more widely and quickly to more people and promote policies that will sustain them;,I. Introduction,2 of 19,Quantitative scaling up when a program or an organization expands its size
3、through increasing its membership base or constituency including their working area and budgets; Functional scaling upwhen a community-based program or a grassroots organization expands the number and the type of its activities, say from agricultural production to health and nutrition, credit, liter
4、acy, training, etc. The organization add new activities to their operational range.,II. Definitions of scaling up,3 of 19,3. Political scaling upwhen participatory organizations move beyond service delivery toward empowerment and change in the structural causes of underdevelopment. It includes activ
5、e political involvement and the development of relation with the state; 4. Organizational scaling upwhen organizations increase their strength to improve its effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of their activities through improving financial capability (income generation, etc.) and internal
6、 management capacity (e.g training, etc).,II. Definitions of scaling up,4 of 19,1. Blueprint model Experts select successful interventions from local or international experience; Blueprint designed by outsiders and imposed with regulations and targets; Community participation often becomes top-down;
7、 Tight supervision and incentives achieve quick results but lose sustainability,III. Going to scale models,5 of 19,2. Explosion model Focused interventions selected as national or global priorities; Tight control and efficiency assured by vertical hierarchy for one purpose but usually duplicating ma
8、nagement; Effective filling infrastructure gap if then integrated into whole system; Social mobilization can strengthen local system but over-riding local priorities often destructive and not sustainable.,III. Going to scale models,6 of 19,Additive model Bottom-up comprehensive and culturally adapte
9、d development at community pace; Stimulated and financed by outside donor (NGO) usually works well in local areagreat impact of inter-sectoral action; Phasing over to local control often difficult because of dependency and being accustomed to outside pay and equipment; Too slow to rapidly go to scal
10、e or fit into national system, need top-down enabling environment for scaling up.,III. Going to scale models,7 of 19,Biological model Existing successful community-based development projects are selected which demonstrate self-reliant empowerment; Healthy communities are not mechanical structures bu
11、t replicating organisms; Each becomes a biological growth node for exponential and rapid expansion with infrastructure for enabling environment, sustainability and standards for equity; Integrated inter-sectoral development evolves naturally as communities learn to demand services for their prioriti
12、es,III. Going to scale models,8 of 19,A farmer-centered approach to research and extension,Relevant technical options,IV. Essential elements of scaling up,9 of 19,The empowerment of local institutional capacity,Effective germplasm delivery system,IV. Essential elements of scaling up,10 of 19,Appropr
13、iate market access and strategies for agricultural products,Enabling policies that support adoption,IV. Essential elements of scaling up,11 of 19,A rigorous monitoring and evaluation framework for research and development,Cost-effective research and development partnerships,IV. Essential elements of
14、 scaling up,12 of 19,10. Effective facilitation of the scaling-up process by all stakeholders,Knowledge-and information-sharing systems,IV. Essential elements of scaling up,13 of 19,New training & delivery model,14 of 19,Research requires relevance it must meet the needs of the target group being no
15、t only beneficial but also perceived to be beneficial. Thus, farmers perceptions and incentives need to be integral parts of a research agenda. Too often basic disciplinary theory dominates practical application. The “Content-Process-Local knowledge” framework provides a robust model for ensuring bo
16、th relevance and efficiency in research and delivery.,Mode of field delivery,15 of 19,Participatory Model for Delivery,Content,Local Knowledge,Delivery Process,16 of 19,Content refers to the researcher and knowledge and understanding of the technology. Process refers to the delivery of the knowledge packaging and presentation Local knowledge refers to the inclusion in the process of local input to ensure relevance and feedback to ensure needs are matched with
