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1、英语语法,1.词法 2.句法 3.特殊结构,概说,1.词法： 冠词、代词、副词和形容词、动词、虚拟语气等 2.句法 名词从句、定语从句、状语从句 3.特殊结构 强调结构、倒装结构、否定结构、独立主格结构等,英文句子的组成成分： 主要有七种：主语、谓语、宾语（还有一种特例叫表语）、定语、状语、补语和同位语。 Yesterday, I found a red apple decayed on the table.,主语： 主语是句子要说明人或事物，可以由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、what从句、that从句、how从句等组成。 My brother is taller than me. It
2、is important to keep healthy.(主语后置) That they will go is certain.,谓语： 谓语主要说明主语的动作、状态或特征，英语中，谓语永远只能由动词构成。 My head aches. Apples are one kind of fruits.,宾语： 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后。能作宾语的有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、that从句、what从句、how从句。 He can play piano. The tree is tall. (be动词后面的名词或者形容词是一种特殊宾语，也叫表语) Every one knows
3、 that the Earth is round.,定语： 修饰名词的成分叫定语。 A red apple. Football is a game which is liked by boys.,状语： 状语可修饰动词、形容词或者全句。 They are all confident. I like English very much. There are some apples on the table.,补语： 所谓补语，在雅思作文里主要是宾补，即：V.+N.+N./adj. find the law unfair make he work hard,同位语 表示名词的内容，对其加以阐明或解
4、释。 I heard the news that our team had lost the game. I had no idea that everyone was here.,请指出下列划线部分是句子的什么成分。 1.The first step that should be taken is to improve the living conditions of all elderly people. 2.Increased investment in public transport would result in a more efficient transport system.
5、 3.Every year millions of animals die due to the inhumane experiments performed upon them.,The first step that should be taken is to improve the 主语 定语从句 谓语 表语 living conditions of all elderly people. Increased investment in public transport would result 定语 主语 谓语 in a more efficient transport system.
6、 定语 宾语 Every year millions of animals die due to 状语 主语 谓语 the inhumane experiments performed upon them. 状语,句子的分类：简单句、并列句和复合句（从结构上分类） 1.简单句：只有一套主谓结构 简单句的五种基本句型 主语+动词 My head aches.我头痛。 主语+系动词+表语 Frank is clever.弗兰克很聪明。 主语+动词+宾语 My sister enjoyed the play.我姐姐喜欢那出戏。,主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave Tom a watch.
7、(表示人的宾语为间接宾语，表示物的宾语是直接宾语) 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语 I found learning English fun.,翻译练习： 1.他给我一块手表。 2.我送给汤姆一个书包。 3.老师们都觉得弗兰克很聪明。 4.他告诉我那个消息。,并列句 “主谓宾”+“主谓宾”，中间用and/or/but/yet等连词中的一个串起来。 He worded hard but he failed. You success or you die. I go to library and (I) do some reading.,复合句 包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中有一个主句，和一个或
8、一个以上的从句。 可分为： 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 定语从句 状语从句 同位语从句,1.宾语从句,在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 Everybody knows that the Earth is round. This relies on how much you can pay for it. I am not sure whether the train will arrive on time. 动词后面的部分是宾语。,练一练 口头翻译下面的句子： 1.He wondered how the Great Wall was built. 2.I believe (that)
9、 they will finish the work in time. 3.I went in and asked if/whether there was a John living there. 4.I dont care where you will go. 5.Men differ from other animals in that they can speak and think. 6.They are confident that they can do the job well. 7.The picture was very good except that the color
10、 was a bit too heavy. 8.He asked what my name was. 9.I dont know who the man is.,连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what和连接副词where, when , why, how 都可以引导宾语从句。 1.A computer can only do ( ) you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when,He asked me _told me the accident. A whom B which C who
11、D whose They dont know _their parents are. A that B what C why D which Mother told me _she was going to buy a dictionary for me. a.that b.if c.what d.whose,宾语从句的三种类型,做动词的宾语 1.He wondered how the Great Wall was built. 2.I believe (that) they will finish the work in time. 3.I went in and asked if/whet
12、her there was a John living there. 4.I dont care whether you come or not.,做动词的宾语,后面跟that引导的宾语从句的动词有： answer decide admit deny insist say think see hear notice 后面常跟what,why,whether/if 等引导宾语从句的动词有： Ask doubt wonder question advise 等,有的动词有：动词+间接宾语+宾语从句 常见的有： Tell,inform,remind,show,teach,advise,ask,pro
13、mise,question,warn等 He told me where he was staying. I promised her that I would give him more help.,1.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ( ) he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever 2.I wonder ( ) we can do about it. A. if B. how C. what D. that 3.As a new gra
14、duate, he doesnt know( ) It takes to start a business here. A. how B. what C. when D.which,做介词的宾语 1.This relies on how much you can pay for it. 2.Men differ from other animals in that they can speak and think. 3.The picture was very good except that the color was a bit too heavy.,1.that引导的宾语从句除了有时可以
15、和介词In，except,but,besides等构成固定用法外，不能用作其他介词的宾语。,2.有时会碰到“介词+it+that”结构。这时，it被看成是that从句的形式宾语。 You may depend on it that they will be by your side. Ill see to it that everything is ready in time. 个别动词也用“动词+it+that”结构，看成习惯用法记住，如：hate,enjoy,like,love,dislike,see to,appreciate,I hate it that students cheat
16、in the examination. I take it that they will succeed. 只要明白有这种结构就可以！,I want to be liked and loved for ( ) I am inside. A. who B. where C. what D. how Meals in Spain are quite different from ( ) they have in China. A. which B. that C. what D. whom,做形容词的宾语 I am not sure whether the train will arrive on time. They are confident that they can d
