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1、Lesson 10,Translation of Scientific Texts,Stylistic Features,Style: formal, well-knit, logic, with no flashbacks Grammar: The common employment of complete sentences especially long, complex sentences, passive voice, non-restrictive verbs, conditional, subjunctive mood, attributives, etc. Lexicon: s
2、cientific terminologies,Certain Modes for Scientific Writings e.g. An experiment Para.1 Instruction Para.2 Presentation of the experiment Para. 3 Conclusion,Frequent use of charts, tables, formula, codes, signs, etc. e.g. 2X(X+1)= X+(X+1)-1 Twice the product of any two consecutive numbers is less by
3、 unity than the sum of the squares.,语篇的衔接(cohesion),语篇的衔接:构成语篇的句子必须是相关的,不仅意义上相关,在同一个语义场,而且结构上相关。有照应手段(cohesive device)把它们联在一起。,语篇的衔接(cohesion),衔接是体现在语篇的表层结构上。 主要通过语法手段,如照应(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis)等, 词汇手段如复现关系(reiteration) 、同现关系(collocation)来表现结构上的衔接,语篇的连贯(coherence),连贯指的是语篇中语义的关联,连贯存
4、在于语篇的底层,通过逻辑推理来达到语义连接。 翻译时,充分利用篇章表示词以外,有时需要省译或增译关联词语,改变某些词语的说法,以便体现原文语义结构的逻辑连贯性。,Physical comfort does not depend on temperature alone but on other factors as well. One of the major factors on which comfort depends is humidity. High humidity helps prevent heat loss from the body and makes even high
5、temperature less bearable. Dehumidifying the air helps the body to lose heat and thus bear higher temperatures. However, beyond certain limits, removing the moisture from the air becomes harmful to the body. The mucous membranes of the nose and throat can become dry, thus increasing susceptibility t
6、o respiration diseases.,第一句:承上启下 第二句: 核心部分 其余四句: 附属部分 核心句与附属句的逻辑关系为cause, result, purpose关系,核心部分为为结果,附属部分为原因,整段逻辑概念十分清楚.,Translation of Scientific Texts,1. Faithfulness 2. Consistency in Lexicon 3. A Good Command of Some Sentence Patterns ( seen on page 337) 4. Stress on the nature to be logic, Scie
7、ntific and specialized,Five steps：,1. A thorough reading to decide the relevant field involved and to have a preliminary understanding of its contents 2 . Sentence-study and lexicon-checking 3 . Detailed study of the logic for adaptation if necessary 4 . Study of structure in case of adjustment in o
8、rganization in target language 5 . Proof-reading for any details to attain a better version,Drafts,Faithfulness Coherence Refinement,英汉科技篇章翻译五步骤：,1. 通读原文，确定学科类属并初步了解原文的内容。 2 . 逐步翻译各个句子，并根据专业类属仔细分析具体词义。 3 . 弄清指代关系，重复必要的名词，适当增加关联词。 4 . 弄清原文整体结构，调整译文语序。 5 . 通读检查译文，注意用词及语气的一致，并核查日期、时间及数据等重要细节。,至少三稿,一稿忠实
9、 二稿通顺 三稿润色,Physical comfort does not depend on temperature alone but on other factors as well. One of the major factors on which comfort depends is humidity. High humidity helps prevent heat loss from the body and makes even high temperature less bearable. Dehumidifying the air helps the body to los
10、e heat and thus bear higher temperatures. However, beyond certain limits, removing the moisture from the air becomes harmful to the body. The mucous membranes of the nose and throat can become dry, thus increasing susceptibility to respiration diseases.,身体舒适并不只取决于温度,还取决于其他因素。决定身体舒适的主要因素之一乃是湿度。湿度高,容易
11、妨碍身体散热,从而使体温更高,让人难以忍受。 然而,除去空气中的湿度若超过一定限度却对人体有害。这时鼻和喉的黏膜会变得干燥,从而易感染呼吸道疾病。,A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) （脱氧核糖核酸） fingerprinting in criminal investigation. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify i
12、ndividuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecules of which genes are made. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations t
13、hat DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.,DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tool in the attempt to produce guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal inve
14、stigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.,The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report
15、 published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewotin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl of Lewotin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In partic
16、ular, they argue that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethic group. Lewotin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods which are adequate.,1998年初，科学界就刑事侦察中使用DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）指纹识别的做法产生了争议。DNA 指纹识别始于1989年，用于根据人们的图谱识别个人特征，基因就是由DNA分子组成的。除了红血细胞以外，身体的每个细胞都有DNA。DNA指纹识别已经在许多方面得以成功运用，例如用于父子关系鉴定，从而确定某个孩子的父亲
