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1、The Optics of Spectroscopy - A TUTORIAL By J.M. Lerner and A. ThevenonSection 1: DIFFRACTION GRATINGS RULED & HOLOGRAPHIC 1.1 Basic Equations 1.2 Angular Dispersion 1.3 Linear Dispersion 1.4 Wavelength and Order 1.5 Resolving Power 1.6 Blazed Gratingso 1.6.1 Littrow Conditiono 1.6.2 Efficiency Profi
2、leso 1.6.3 Efficiency and Order 1.7 Diffraction Grating Stray Lighto 1.7.1 Scattered Lighto 1.7.2 Ghosts 1.8 Choice of Gratingso 1.8.1 When to Choose a Holographic Gratingo 1.8.2 When to Choose a Ruled GratingSection 2:MONOCHROMATORS & SPECTROGRAPHS 2.1 Basic Designs 2.2 FastieEbert Configuration 2.
3、3 CzernyTurner Configuration 2.4 CzernyTurner/FastieEbert PGS Aberrationso 2.4.1 Aberration Correcting Plane Gratings 2.5 Concave Aberration Corrected Holographic Gratings 2.6 Calculating alpha and beta in a Monochromator Configuration 2.7 Monochromator System Optics 2.8 Aperture Stops and Entrance
4、and Exit Pupils 2.9 Aperture Ratio (f/value,f/Number),and Numerical Aperture (NA) o 2.9.1 f/value of a Lens Systemo 2.9.2 f/value of a Spectrometero 2.9.3 Magnification and Flux Density 2.10 Exit Slit Width and Anamorphism 2.11 Slit Height Magnification 2.12 Bandpass and Resolution o 2.12.1 Influenc
5、e of the Slits (P1(l)o 2.12.2 Influence of Diffraction P2 (l)o 2.12.3 Influence of Aberrations (P3 (l)o 2.12.4 Determination of the FWHM of the Instrumental Profileo 2.12.5 Image Width and Array Detectorso 2.12.6 Discussion 2.13 Order and Resolution 2.14 Dispersion and Maximum Wavelength 2.15 Order
6、and Dispersion 2.16 Choosing a Monochromator/SpectrographSection 3: SPECTROMETER THROUGHPUT & ETENDUE 3.1 Definitionso 3.1.1 Introduction to Etendue 3.2 Relative System Throughput o 3.2.1 Calculation of the Etendue 3.3 Flux Entering the Spectrometer 3.4 Example of Complete System Optimization with a
7、 Small Diameter Fiber Optic Light Source 3.5 Example of Complete System Optimization with an Extended Light Source 3.6 Variation of Throughput and Bandpass with Slit Widths o 3.6.1 Continuous Spectral Sourceo 3.6.2 Discrete Spectral SourceSection 4: OPTICAL SIGNALTONOISE RATIO AND STRAY LIGHT 4.1 Ra
8、ndom Stray Lighto 4.1.1 Optical SignaltoNoise Ratio in a Spectrometero 4.1.2 The Quantification of Signalo 4.1.3 The Quantification of Stray Lighto 4.1.4 Optimization of SignaltoNoise Ratioo 4.1.5 Example of S/N Optimization 4.2 Directional Stray Light o 4.2.1 Incorrect Illumination of the Spectrome
9、tero 4.2.2 Reentry Spectrao 4.2.3 Grating Ghosts 4.3 S/N Ratio and Slit Dimensions o 4.3.1 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Sourceo 4.3.2 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and MONOCHROMATIC Lighto 4.3.3 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Sourceo 4.3.
10、4 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a MONOCHROMATIC Light SourceSection 5: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND PIXEL POSITION ON AN ARRAY 5.1 The Determination of Wavelength at a Given Location on a Focal Planeo 5.1.1 Discussion of Resultso 5.1.2 Determination of the Position of a Known Wa
11、velength in the Focal PlaneSection 6: ENTRANCE OPTICS 6.1 Choice of Entrance Opticso 6.1.1 Review of Basic Equations 6.2 Establishing the Optical Axis of the Monochromator System o 6.2.1 Materialso 6.2.2 Procedure 6.3 Illuminating a Spectrometer 6.4 Entrance Optics Examples o 6.4.1 Aperture Matching
12、 a Small Sourceo 6.4.2 Aperture Matching an Extended Sourceo 6.4.3 Demagnifying a Source 6.5 Use of Field Lenses 6.6 Pinhole Camera Effect 6.7 Spatial FiltersReferences Acknowledgments Bibliography Section 1: Diffraction Gratings Ruled & HolographicDiffraction gratings are manufactured either classi
13、cally with the use of a ruling engine by burnishing grooves with a diamond stylus or holographically with the use of interference fringes generated at the intersection of two laser beams (for more details see Diffraction Gratings Ruled & Holographic Handbook).Classically ruled gratings may be plane
14、or concave and possess grooves each parallel with the next. Holographic grating grooves may be either parallel or of unequal distribution in order to optimize system performance. Holographic gratings are generated on plane, spherical, toroidal, and many other surfaces.Regardless of the shape of the
15、surface or whether classically ruled or holographic, the text that follows is equally applicable to each; explanations are provided where there are differences.1.1 Basic EquationsBefore introducing the basic equations, a brief note on monochromatic light and continuous spectra must first be considered.Note: Monochromatic light has infinitely narrow spectral width. Good sources which approximate such light include single mode lasers and very low pressure, cooled spectral calibration lamps. These are also var
