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1、专题七 非谓语动词,一、非谓语动词的形式和作用,1非谓语动词的形式,一般来说，非谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前时，多用完成式；同时发生时用一般式或进行式；之后发生时则用一般式。例如： Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer. (2)非谓语动词的否定式为在非谓语动词前加 not。例如：not to have, not being done, not having been done, his not having succeeded 等。,2非谓语动词的
2、逻辑主语 (1)不定式的逻辑主语为 for sb. 或 of sb. 当逻辑主语前的形容词是表示人的品质、性格特征和心理变化的词时用 of sb. 而当形容词是表示事物的特点、特征时用 for sb.，这时的句子不可改写成以人做主语。例如： It is necessary for you to help him. It is kind of you to help him.(You are kind to help him.) 逻辑主语前没有形容词时用 for sb.。例如： Here is the book for you to read.,(2)动名词的逻辑主语一般用名词普通格或所有格，代
3、词宾格或所有格，但在句首时只能用所有格。例如： Do you mind me (my) smoking here? My coming late may interrupt you. (3)分词的逻辑主语一般用名词的普通格或代词的主格(主要出现在独立主格结构中)。例如： The students having finished the exercises, the teacher brought the class to an end.,3.非谓语动词的句法作用,(1)现在分词的完成式在句中只能作状语，表示时间或原因。 (2)现在分词间或也可作结果状语(表示一种自然而然的结果)。例如： It
4、passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter.,二、非谓语动词的用法和辨别,1不定式与动名词做主语、表语、宾语时的用法和区别,(1)不定式、动名词做主语、表语、宾语时的一般区别,例如： I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you now. (2)不定式、动名词作主语、表语、宾语时的一些特殊用法 有时动名词和不定式做主语、表语、宾语时的差别不大。 对称原则，即主语用什么，表语也用什么。例如： To see is to believe.
5、 Seeing is believing.,在以下结构中多用动名词： Its no use talking a lot without doing anything. Its no good staying here. Its very dangerous. 该句型涉及的形容词和名词词组常见的有：no use, any use, some use, no good, any good, some good, a waste of time, fun, worthwhile 等。,特别提醒：还有一些形容词和名词词组既可以和动名词搭配，也可以和不定式短语搭配。不定式表示具体的动作，动名词表示抽象的
6、行为。例如： It is useless to talk with such a man as him. It is useless talking with such a man as him. 在以下结构中多用不定式： Its kind of you to say so. It will be a mistake for us not to help him. It took us ten minutes to help him out of the well. It cost him all his life to write the book.,下列动词和动词词组可接不定式做宾语(不可
7、接动名词)： wish, want (想、要)，hope, expect, desire, long, intend, demand, plan, beg, ask, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, offer, pretend, prepare, manage, fail, learn, dare, help, afford, choose, set out (着手), aim, apply, arrange, claim, swear, threaten 等。,下列动词和动词词组可接动名词做宾语(不可接不定式)： suggest, mi
8、nd, enjoy, miss, resist, practise, escape, delay, excuse, advise, finish, prevent, imagine, admit, appreciate, understand, fancy, bear, stand (忍受), consider (考虑), keep (on), object to, stick to, look forward to, get used to, get down to, prefer.to, devote.to, put off, give up, feel like, cant help,
9、cant stand 等。,特别提醒：advise, allow, forbid, permit 等动词可以后接动名词做宾语，也可带不定式做宾语补足语。 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接名词做宾语，且无多大区别：continue, prefer, love, hate 等。 begin, start 后既可接不定式也可接名词做宾语，一般无多大区别，但当主语是无生命的事物时/非谓语动词是表示人的心理状态的动词时 begin, start 本身用了进行式时，其后就只能用不定式。例如： Soon it began to rain. (主语是无生命的事物) At last Mr White began t
10、o understand his mistakes.(不定式表示的是人的心理状态) They are beginning to learn English. (begin 本身用了进行式),下列动词和动词词组后接不定式或动名词时，意义上有明显区别： remember/forget/regret to do记住/忘记/遗憾去做 remember/forget/regret doing 记得/忘记/后悔做了 mean to do 意欲做，打算做 mean doing 意味着，着眼于，需要 try to do 设法去做(不一定成功)，try doing 试着去做,stop to do 停下来去做另一
11、件事 stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 做完一件事后接着做另外一件事 go on doing 继续做本来的事情 cant help doing 情不自禁干某事,例如： I remembered being paid, but forgot to get the money on the counter because of my carelessness. I hadnt meant to hurt you; instead, what I said really meant advising you to be good. B10need, require, want
12、 (需要)等词后既可接不定式亦可接动名词作宾语。接不定式时用被动形式表示被动含义，接动名词时用主动形式表示被动含义。例如： Who needed to be taken care of? Who needed taking care of?,be afraid to do 表示“不敢做某事”(多表示有意识的行为)，be afraid of doing 表示“害怕做某事”(多表示无意识的行为)。例如： Im afraid to cross the bridge, because Im afraid of falling into the river.,2不定式、动名词与分词做定语时的用法和区别,
13、(1)非谓语动词做定语时的区别,(2)不定式、动名词、分词做定语时的一些特殊用法 不定式做定语通常表示一个未发生的动作或已完成的动作，也可表示情态意味。例如： The meeting to be held is of great importance.(未发生) Madame Curie was the first person to discover the element radium.(已完成) He isnt the proper person to do the work.(有情态意味),不定式所修饰的名词可能是逻辑主语，也可能是其逻辑宾语，还可能是时间、地点、方式和同位关系。例如：
14、 He is the proper person to work at the wallnewspaper.(逻辑主语) She didnt know which topic to write about.(逻辑宾语) We are looking forward to a fine day to go for an outing.(时间关系) Tom kept his promise to tell the children a story after class.(同位关系),特别提醒：不定式做定语时如果与被修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，动词须是及物的，不及物的要加介词。例如： He has
15、 no room to live in at the moment. 但不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time，place，way 这几个直接表示时间、地点、方式的词时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如： We had no money and no place to live those days. 现在分词做定语通常表示动作的正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词则表示动作已完成或先于谓语动词发生。例如： The bridge to be built next year is just between the one built last year and the one being bui
16、lt now.,特别提醒：现在分词做定语通常表示动作的正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生，如果两个动作有前有后，除了视情况改为过去分词外，更多的是将其改为定语从句。例如： The policeman praised the man who had found the wallet and given it in to the police. 现在分词做定语除了表示一个正在进行的动作外，还可表示特征性的行为。例如： A basketball player is a person playing basketball.,动名词做定语一般表示用途，而现在分词做定语则一般表示性质、特征。试比较： working clothes(工作服)clothes for working working people(劳动者)people who work 名词和形容词做定语时的区别有时也具有类似的特点，如 a chemistry lab，a chemical change。,3不定式与分词做补足语时的用法和区别,(1)不定式、分词做补足语
