第二章——词汇与语法结构代词

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1、第三节 代 词,一、物主代词(一)表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。详见教材P22列表。,(二)物主代词的用法 1形容词性物主代词的用法 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语。如:Mary is going to the park with her mother.(玛丽将和她的妈妈去公园。),2名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词相当于名词,也相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”,可以作主语、表语和宾语。如: (1)作主语 Ours is a socialist country.(我们的国家是社会主义国家。),(2)作宾语I didnt b

2、orrow her pen. I borrowed his.(我没有借她的钢笔,我借的是他的。)(3)作表语The blue shirt is mine.(那件蓝衬衣是我的。)注:名词性物主代词后不可跟名词或代词 one(s),它总是单独用在句子中,充当主语、表语和宾语等。,名词 + of + 名词性物主代词 (或名词所有格)构成双重所有格形式。如:a friend of mine (我的一位朋友。)二、反身代词 (一)反身代词的用法1.作动词和介词的宾语She found herself in a different world. (她发现自己在一个不同的世界里。),My son is to

3、o young to look after himself(我儿子太小,不能照顾自己。)注:宾语是主语动作的承受者,得用反身代词。如:The emperor put on the new clothes and looked about himself in front of the mirror.(皇帝穿上新衣服,在镜子前面打量自己。),三、指示代词 “it的用法”(1)用作形式主语,代替不定式、动名词或从句。It is the teachers duty to teach the students. (教学生是老师的职责。),It is no use arguing with him. (

4、同他争辩没用。)It is clear that she is the best student in the class. (很明显,她是班上最好的学生。)(2) it 用作形式宾语。不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作宾语时,如果后面带有宾语补足语,常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语(不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句)放在宾语补足语后面。,I find it easy to get on with Jim. (我发现同吉姆相处很容易。)I think it important that you (should) attend the conference.(我认为你出席会议很重要。),(3)构成

5、强调句型.强调句基本构成: it is/was +被强调的部分 + that/who。 注:当强调的部分是主语,并且主语是人时,句型中的that 也可以换作who.如果叙述的是现在或将来发生的事情,动词用is;如果叙述的是过去发生的事情,it 后面则用was。It was in the room that we met each other for the first time.(强调地点状语),We called on Prof. Wang at his office this morning.今天我们到王教授的办公室拜访了他。It was we who / that called on P

6、rof. Wang at his office this morning.(强调主语)It was Prof. Wang whom / that we called on at his office this morning.(强调宾语),It was at his office that we called on Prof. Wang this morning.(强调地点状语)It was this morning that we called on Prof. Wang at his office. (强调时间状语)注:It is/was not until + 被强调部分 + that

7、+ 句子的其它成分。,It is not until 12 oclock that my father comes home.我父亲每天晚上直到12点才回家。It was not until he told me that I knew it.直到他告诉我,我才知道此事。,注:如何判断强调句:把it is/was + that 去掉,重新排列一下句子,如果句子仍是完整的,则该句是强调句型;若句子不完整或意义不完整,则不是强调句型,那么关系词则不一定是that,需根据具体的情况选择合适的引导词。如:It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句),It

8、is a good idea that we play basketball some time before going swimming.(主语从句)It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句)It is Cathy that takes care of the flowers every day. (强调句),It was 5:00 when the plane landed at the airport. (定语从句)It was ten years ago that I first met him.(强调主语)It

9、 is clear that not all the boys like football. (主语从句)It was at 5:00 that the plane landed at the airport. (强调句),“such/same”的特殊用法such作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词a或an,这个不定冠词应放在such之后。I have never seen such a moving film before. (作定语)(我从来没有看过这样感人的影片。),the same 可用于 the same as 结构中,意为“同一样。”如:He feels the same to

10、day as I did yesterday.(他今天的感觉同我昨天的感觉一样。),四、关系代词(详见定语从句部分)(一)关系代词有who,whose,whom,that,which等,都用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语;另一方面又代表被定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(即先行词)。(二)关系代词的用法 1who,whom,whose指人,在定语从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语。例如:,Girls who work in restaurants are called waitresses.(在餐馆工作的女孩被称为女服务员。) The man (whom) I teleph

11、oned is out.(我打过电话的那个人出去了。) This is the boy whose mother is a singer.(这就是那个男孩,他的妈妈是歌唱家。),2which指“物”,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如: A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.(词典是解释词的意义的书。) Here is the book (which) he bought yesterday.(这就是他昨天买的那本书。),3that既可以指人,也可以指物,在句子中作主语或宾语。例如: Who is the man that

12、is sitting under the tree? (坐在树下的那个人是谁?)(指人作主语)Ive read the newspaper that carries the report.(我已经看过登载那篇报道的那份报纸。)(指物,作主语),This is the dress (that) she bought in Paris.(这就是她在巴黎买的那条裙子。)(指物作宾语)注:关系代词whom在从句中作宾语时,在口语中常被who或that代替;关系代词who( whom),which,that在从句中作宾语时可以省略,但作主语时则不能省略。,关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放

13、在关系代词that之前,只能放在从句末尾;而关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时,介词可以放在whom,which之前,也可以放在从句末尾。但含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开,介词仍在动词之后。例如:,This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.(这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。)(介词in既可放在which之前,也可放在从句末尾),关系代词that和which指物时,一般没有什么区别,但是当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰或先行词本身就是不定代词时(如:

14、all,everything,nothing,little等),则一般用that而不用which 。例如:It was the best film (that) I ever saw.(这是我所看过的最好的电影。),The first thing (that) we should do is to buy some food to eat.(我们要做的第一件事就是买些吃的东西。)Thats all (that) I know.(我知道的就是这些。),五、不定代词 (一)常用的不定代词有:some, any, all, no, none, both, either, neither, each,

15、 every, other, another, much, many, few,little, one 以及由-body,-one,-thing构成的复合不定代词等。,(二)不定代词的用法1some“一些”some修饰可数或不可数名词,常用在肯定句中。 注:some有时也可以用于疑问句,表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答,或者表示请求、邀请、建议、反问等。例如:Have you some envelopes? (你有信封吗?)(估计对方有),Would you like some sweets? (吃点儿糖果吗?)(邀请)2any“一些,任何”any可以修饰可数或不可数名词,常用在否定句或疑问句中。

16、注:any有时也可以用在肯定句中,表示“任何的”,起强调作用。例如:Please give me a book,any book will do.(请给我一本书,任何书都行。),3no “无”no 修饰可数名词和不可数名词。例如:There is no need to hurry her. Its still early.(不要催她,还早着呢。)He has no brother or sister.(他没有兄弟,也没有姐妹。)No visitors came here last week.(上周没有游客来这儿。),4all “全部,都”指三者或三者以上的人或事物。例如:All were present at the meeting.(全都到会了。)(代替可数名词)All boys like to read detective stories.(所有的男孩都喜欢读侦探故事。)(修饰可数名词),

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