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1、2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,1,William Shakespeare (2): Sonnet,Sonnet: a definition Types of sonnet Textual study: Sonnet 18 Sonnet 29,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,2,Sonnet: a definition,A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,3,Types of Sonnet,Th
2、ere are mainly three types of sonnet: The Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet The English (Shakespearean, Elizabethan) sonnet The Spenserian sonnet,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,4,Type 1: the Petrarchan sonnet,Structure: an octave (an eight-line stanza) followed by an sestet (a six-line stanza) Rhyme sche
3、me: abbaabba cdecde or: abbaabba cdcdcd Note: This type of sonnet is constructed with a change of thought or turn between the octave and the sestet, so that the content and the form are allied.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,5,Type 2: the Shakespearean sonnet,Structure three quatrains (a four-line
4、stanza) followed by a couplet (a pair of rhymed lines) Rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg Note Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets. The first 126 sonnets are dedicated to a young man; sonnets 127152 are dedicated to a “dark lady”, and the final two are allegorical.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,6,Type 3: th
5、e Spenserian sonnet,Structure three quatrains and a couplet, and the couplet introduces new rhyme sounds to the poem Rhyme scheme the rhyme scheme interconnects the sound of the three quatrains: abab bcbc cdcd ee,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,7,Textual study: sonnet 18,What is the structure? What
6、is the meter like? What is its rhyme scheme? What is the theme of this sonnet?,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,8,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?,“Thee” in this line means “you”. The sonnet begins with a question: how can I compare you to a summers day? And the answer to the question follows u
7、p in the next line.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,9,Thou art more lovely and more temperate,You are more lovely, you are more gentle. The youths beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. Here in this line, “more temperate” means more gentle, more restrained. Why did the poet say you
8、are more lovely and more gentle than the summers day? The following lines give the answer:,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,10,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,Today, the month of “May” may be considered as a month in late spring, but in Shakespeares time, May was a summer month, because
9、the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favorite flowers.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,11,And summers lease hath all too short a date,Here the word “lease” is a legal term. It m
10、eans the duration of a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified period in exchange for a specified rent. We two have a contract. You can use my pen for 10 days, and you will have to give me 2 yuan for the use of it. And the duration of this one week is called a lease. The o
11、verall meaning of this line is “summers time is too short.”,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,12,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometime = on occasion, sometimes; The eye of heaven = the sun Sometimes the sun of heaven is so hot that it will scorch.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,13,And of
12、ten is his gold complexion dimmed,his gold complexion = his (the suns) golden face, the golden sunshine. Quite often, the sunshine will be dimmed. When? - when it is cloudy or overcast.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,14,And every fair from fair sometime declines,“Every fair” in this line means “all
13、 the beautiful things” and the second “fair” in the phrase “from fair” means “the previous state of beauty”. This line tells us that “all of the beautiful things occasionally become inferior in comparison with their essential previous state of beauty. They all decline from perfection.”,2018/12/11,Pr
14、epared by Tony Sun,15,By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed,“By chance” means “by chance accidents” “By natures changing course” means “by the fluctuating tides of nature”. The fluctuating times of nature are not subject to control, so the poet says “natures changing course untrimmed”. The
15、 word “untrimmed” in this line is ambiguous this can refer to the ballast (trimming) on a ship which keeps it stable; or to a lack of ornament and decoration.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,16,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,“Thy eternal summer” refers forwards to the eternity promised by the
16、 ever living poet in the next few lines, through his verse.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,17,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,owst = ownest, possess. Your eternal summer will not lose its hold on that beauty which you so richly possess. Nor shall you lose any of your beauty.,2018/12/11,Prepared by Tony Sun,18,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,“brag” means “boast”, and “his shade” means “the shade of death.” In classical literature the shade of dea
